Persuasive Outline free essay sample

Specific Purpose Statement: To persuade my audience that eating breakfast is important to good health Central Purpose Statement: To persuade my audience that eating breakfast is important for good health by first telling you about the metabolic benefits of eating breakfast, second, by explaining how breakfast aids in weight loss, and third, by discussing some overall psychological and physiological advantages eating a good breakfast. Introduction: Have you ever worried about the grumbling of your stomach in a classroom or an office in the morning? Have you ever thought about getting snacks or lunch in the morning because of intense hunger? If you skip breakfast, it not only makes you have less concentration, but it actually reduces your thinking ability or performance. Have you ever asked yourself â€Å"why can’t I lose weight? †Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason might be that you are skipping breakfast. Breakfast plays a very important role for our health, but a lot of people neglect breakfast. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After I came to America, I got a cold more often than before and also gained almost 10 pounds. I tried to solve these two problems. And later I figured out the solution. I just needed to eat breakfast. It’s not as difficult as doing exercise everyday, but eating breakfast has as good an effect as doing exercise, or even more! So, tonight, I’m going to persuade you that eating breakfast is important for good health by first telling you about the metabolic benefits of eating breakfast, second, by explaining how breakfast aids in weight loss, and third, by discussing some overall psychological and physiological advantages ating a good breakfast. I. Numerous studying have been made by nutrician scientists on the great value of eating a good breakfast. They are all agree there are significant advantages from eating well-balanced breakfast. A. According to Food Service Director,  To Start the Day: Healthy Breakfast  by Karen Rubin in Apr. 15, 2000, after fasting overnight, glucose level drops dramatically. 1. According to Rubin in April 15, 2000, numerous nutrition studies show that glucose, which is natural sugar, level drops dramatically after overnight fasting. 2. Rubin said that since glucose level is energy for body, body wakes up energy deficient. 3. Also, according to Family Life,  Brilliant Breakfasts  in Sep. 1997 by Flynn McCarthy, children, age four to puberty whose brain use twice as much glucose than adults. 4. Rubin and McCarthy state eating a good breakfast supplies food which is transformed into glucose energy for body’s work. B. According to Kid Source Online:  Breakfast Program May Improve Children’s Behavior and Performance  in 2000 Eating breakfast effects brain, memory, attention span and concentration. 1. According to this article, Harvard research shows breakfast boosts children’s brain function, memory, attention span and concentration. 2. Also, according to Family Life,  Brilliant Breakfast  in Sep. , 1997, Studies by Tufts University discovered that the score of standard mathematics of students who ate breakfast was 13 points higher than students who didn’t eat breakfast. Transition: Now, I’ve talked about the metabolic reasons of eating breakfast. I’d like to talk about eating breakfast aids in weight loss. ?. A many researchers are linked eating breakfast leads to successful weight loss. A. Understanding the body’s reaction to starvation is necessary. 1. According to Food Service Director:  To Start the Day: Healthy Breakfast  by Karen Rubin in April 2000, if you don’t eat food for long hours, the brain thinks that you are going to starve, as a result body consumes more cholesterol and fat for storing energy. 2. According to  Medical Letter on the CDCamp;FDA:  Breakfast is Key to Best Diet, July 2002, people who eat breakfast consume two-third of daily recommended of calcium, magnesium, which help your metabolism. 3. In addition, according to Runner’s World:  Eat More, Weigh Less  in June 2002, the study of  Ã‚  National weight Control Registry investigated that 78 % of people who lost more than 30 pounds and kept the lost answered they ate breakfast 7 days a week. Transition and Internal Preview: Now, I’ve talked about eating breakfast aids to weight loss. I’m going to discuss some overall psychological and physiological advantages eating a good breakfast, by first talking about how breakfast helps decrease mental fatigue and depression, and second, how it has physical benefits. . Eating breakfast is beneficial. A. Psychological effects of eating good breakfast include decreasing mental fatigue and depression. 1. According to Prevention:  Automatic Weight Loss  in 1996 August, Bonnie Spring PhD,  Ã‚  professor of psychology at the University of Health Science says people who skip breakfast get tired and irritable easily. 2. Also, Dr. Spring pointed out that this result tends to make people grab something sugary to boost their mood. 3. However, over sugar taking only make energy increase and drop rapidly and doesn’t really help. B. Physiological uplift results from eating breakfast. 1. According to Nation’s Restaurant News, Coalition:  School breakfast numbers rise, don’t  Ã‚  shine  Ã‚  in November 2002 , Research study of public school students by Harvard Medical School showed that eating breakfast reduce absences and tardiness. 2. According to Jet,  Breakfast Remains Essential to a Healthy Lifestylein May 2002, eating breakfast such as fruits and vegetables could be avoid strokes and cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion: In conclusion, tonight, I have persuaded you eating breakfast is important or good health by first telling you about the metabolic benefits of eating breakfast, second, by explaining how breakfast aids in weight loss, and third, by discussing some overall psychological and physiological advantages eating a good breakfast. Will you still keep skipping breakfast? Do you still think sleeping 10-15 minutes longer is more important than eating breakfast? I hope you donâ€℠¢t, and you will start to eat breakfast regularly. But, just in case, I will suggest for those who still want to sleep longer a simple quick breakfast to prepare. Preparing breakfast the night before, for example, you might cut some cheese or pour orange juice into a portable container. Or, if it’s still a pain in the neck, take bananas, apples, or some fruits with you. Eating something is better than eating nothing. So, please start from tonight or tomorrow morning having breakfast and expect to live happier, healthier and enjoy your long life more. Bibliography ?Baylor College of Medicine. â€Å"Breakfast is Key to Best Diet†. Medical Letter on the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CDCamp;FDA. Jul. 2002. Nov. 2002 ?†Breakfast Remains Essential to a Healthy Lifestyle†. Jet. Vol. 101 May 2002. Nov. 002 ?Eck, Moxey B. â€Å"Eat More, Weigh Less†. Runner’s World. Vol. 36  Ã‚  Jun. 2002. Nov. 2002. ?Kid Source Online. â€Å"School Breakfast Program May Improve Children’s Behavior and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performance† Online posting. Apr. 2000. Nov. 2002  Ã‚  lt;http: www. Kidsource. com/gt; ? King, Paul. â€Å" School Breakfast Numbers Rise, Don’t Shine†. Nation’s Restaurant News, ? McCarthy, Laura F. â€Å"Brilliant Breakfasts†. Family Life. Sep. 1997. Nov. 2002 ? Rubin, Wilk K. â€Å"To Start the Day: Healthy Breakfast†. Food Service Director. Apr. 2000. Nov. 2002 ?Spilner, Maggie â€Å"Automatic Weight Loss†. Prevention. Vol. 48 Aug. 1996. Nov. 2002. Persuasive outline free essay sample Attention Grabber: Statistic-â€Å"Secondhand smoke causes almost 50,000 deaths in adult nonsmokers in the United States each year, including approximately 3,400 from lung cancer and 22,700-69,600 from heart disease. (American Lung Association) 2. Although smokers are the one’s directly inhaling the smoke from their cigarettes, they put everyone’s life in jeopardy. Those around them are not given the choice as to whether they will inhale the toxic air. With the increasing evidence of the dangers of smoking and second-hand smoke, there is no longer a place for smoking in society. Thesis-It is imperative that the federal government bans the sale of cigarettes to promote the safety of its citizens. Concession and Rebuttal: 1. Smokers believe they have the freedom to smoke as the U. S. provides freedom of choice; therefore, as citizens, they have the right to smoke if they so choose. 2. Nonetheless, their freedom to smoke impedes other citizens’ liberties as they do not get to choose whether or not to inhale air contaminated with second hand smoke that may be harmful to their health. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. According to www. smoking-facts.net, 3,000 nonsmoking adults die of diseases caused by exposure to second hand smoke every year. If given the freedom to choose, an individual would not put their health at risk and choose to breathe second hand smoke. 5- 8. Repeat process with a 2nd concession and rebuttal 9. In order to protect all citizens, the federal government must eliminate the sale of cigarettes within American society. Body Paragraphs: Paragraph #1-More importantly, smoking-related problems among children require they be protected by the law. 1. behavioral problems. Karl Hill, a research associate professor at the University of Washington’s Social Development Research Group states, â€Å"If your parents were smokers it is a double whammy because you are more likely to use drugs in general and even more likely to smoke cigarettes. (http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/49400. php) Hill and Jennifer Bailey, a UW research scientist, conducted a study exploring smoking, heavy drinking and marijuana use across three generations. Their findings indicate that the children of a parent who uses any of these substances are more likely to smoke, binge drink or use marijuana in adolescence and adulthood. Children whose parents smoke in their presence are being set up to repeat the same behavior or even worse, turn to harder drugs. Consequently, a child’s behavior may be damaged by their parent’s smoking habit. c. The researchers also found a link to child behavior problems such as conduct disorder (getting into fights, stealing), attention deficit disorder (lack of focus, cant sit still or maintain attention) and oppositional defiant disorder (problems with authority). d. If the child does not end up acquiring their own smoking habit, their behavior in general is harmed. They are at a disadvantage to succeed in life while their parents freely practice their personal freedom. 2. life-long health issues a. College students who were exposed to high levels of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) as children maintained higher blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate at rest and during psychological stress compared to students who grew up with low levels of ETS (http://www. scienceblog. com/community/older/1999/C/199902721. html) b. The tobacco smoke in the home environment has a lasting effect on the children who inhale it. As adults they cannot escape the harm the second hand smoke causes. Life is full of challenges and obstacles, parents who smoke only create more problems for their children. If parents are incapable of modeling appropriate behavior, the government must intervene and not allow adults’ cigarette smoke to be a detriment to a child’s future. Paragraph #2- In addition to protecting the health of innocent children, the environment needs sheltering from the destructive smoke cigarettes produce. Pollution a. ETS has been shown to produce more particulate-matter (PM) pollution than an idling low-emission diesel engine. b. With the increasing depletion of air quality and the ozone, banning cigarettes can aid in safeguarding the environment for future generations. c. Aside from the emission of smoke, the packaging used for cigarettes defiles the ecosystem: 2 billion empty cigarette packs and 50 billion cigarette butts with non-biodegradable filters are disposed of each year. The government’s prohibiting the sale of cigarettes will undoubtedly save resources that can be used to benefit society rather than wasting them to satiate individuals’ injurious addictions. Conclusion. Cigarettes are destructive to society. The government must intervene for the wellbeing of all of its citizens. Contact local elected officials Participate in local clean up days (beaches, city parks) to properly dispose of cigarette butts Contact the local health department to report public places that do not follow the law about smoking restrictions

Free Essays on Exports Of Columbia, South America

On March 1, 1996 and again on February 28, 1997, President Clinton made the decision not to certify Colombia as fully cooperating with the U.S. or taking adequate steps on its own to meet the objectives of the 1988 UN Convention on drugs. The U.S. concluded that there was a lack of effort at the top levels of Colombia's government to push for legislative and judicial reforms to strengthen Colombian government institutions' ability to fight narco-trafficking. Under the certification legislation, the U.S. Government was required to halt non-humanitarian and non-counternarcotics aid to Colombia and to vote against loans to Colombia by certain multilateral development banks. U.S. law provides for the discretionary imposition of economic sanctions, which were not imposed. On February 26, 1998, the President determined that the vital national interests of the United States require that U.S. assistance to Colombia be provided to meet the increasing challenges posed to counternarcotics efforts in Colombia. The President thus granted Colombia a national interests certification, which waives the restrictions of decertification and allows for broader U.S. engagement with Colombia in the fight against illegal narcotics. Colombia, along with other drug producing and drug transit countries, will be reviewed for counter-narcotics performance again at by March 1, 1999 and each successive year.... Free Essays on Exports Of Columbia, South America Free Essays on Exports Of Columbia, South America On March 1, 1996 and again on February 28, 1997, President Clinton made the decision not to certify Colombia as fully cooperating with the U.S. or taking adequate steps on its own to meet the objectives of the 1988 UN Convention on drugs. The U.S. concluded that there was a lack of effort at the top levels of Colombia's government to push for legislative and judicial reforms to strengthen Colombian government institutions' ability to fight narco-trafficking. Under the certification legislation, the U.S. Government was required to halt non-humanitarian and non-counternarcotics aid to Colombia and to vote against loans to Colombia by certain multilateral development banks. U.S. law provides for the discretionary imposition of economic sanctions, which were not imposed. On February 26, 1998, the President determined that the vital national interests of the United States require that U.S. assistance to Colombia be provided to meet the increasing challenges posed to counternarcotics efforts in Colombia. The President thus granted Colombia a national interests certification, which waives the restrictions of decertification and allows for broader U.S. engagement with Colombia in the fight against illegal narcotics. Colombia, along with other drug producing and drug transit countries, will be reviewed for counter-narcotics performance again at by March 1, 1999 and each successive year....

13 Funny Thanksgiving Quotes to Keep Fights Off the Table

13 Funny Thanksgiving Quotes to Keep Fights Off the Table Thanksgiving is a time for families to get together, share snippets from their lives and enjoy the company of their dear ones. But what if your Thanksgiving becomes a time for family fights, shouting matches, complaints, and one-upping competition? If you have invited guests over for a Thanksgiving dinner, you can help break the ice with some funny words. However, if you crack jokes about a persons gender, color, or nationality, you may offend some people. The best way to keep the mirth flowing is to use funny words of the famous. Use these quotes smartly and you will have a room full of laughter. Enjoy the warmth of the Thanksgiving holiday with a round of humor. Louie Anderson At Thanksgiving, my mom always makes too much food, especially one item, like 700 or 800 pounds of sweet potatoes. Shes got to push it during the meal. Did you get some sweet potatoes? Theres sweet potatoes. Theyre hot. Theres more in the oven, some more in the garage. The rest are at the Johnsons. Berke Breathed, Bloom County Dear Lord, Ive been asked, nay commanded, to thank Thee for the Christmas turkey before us- a turkey which was no doubt a lively, intelligent bird, a social being, capable of actual affection, nuzzling its young with almost human-like compassion. Anyway, its dead and were gonna eat it. Mitch Hedberg I hate turkeys. If you stand in the meat section at the grocery store long enough, you start to get mad at turkeys. Theres turkey ham, turkey bologna, turkey pastrami. Someone needs to tell the turkey, man, just be yourself. Tony Snow If you think Independence Day is Americas defining holiday, think again. Thanksgiving deserves that title, hands-down. Alistair Cooke It has been an unchallengeable American doctrine that cranberry sauce, a pink goo with overtones of sugared tomatoes, is a delectable necessity of the Thanksgiving board and that turkey is uneatable without it. Phyllis Diller It took me three weeks to stuff the turkey. I stuffed it through the beak. Aaron Neville Its a thanksgiving to God. Its something I have wanted to do for a long time, but the record company wasnt ready for it. So I did it myself. Marilu Henner Its better to pace yourself throughout a big day like Thanksgiving by having something healthful for breakfast and something light for lunch. Rita Rudner Most turkeys taste better the day after; my mothers tasted better the day before. Ted Allen My whole problem is that all of my favorite things at Thanksgiving are the starches, and everyone is trying to go low-carb this year, even a green vegetable has carbs in it. David Letterman Thanksgiving is the day when you turn to another family member and say, How long has Mom been drinking like this? My mom, after six Bloody Marys looks at the turkey and goes, Here, kitty, kitty. Jim Gaffigan Thanksgiving. Its like we didnt even try to come up with a tradition. The tradition is, we overeat. Hey, how about at Thanksgiving we just eat a lot? But we do that every day! Oh. What if we eat a lot with people that annoy the hell out of us? David Letterman When I was a kid in Indiana, we thought it would be fun to get a turkey a year ahead of time and feed it and so on for the following Thanksgiving. But by the time Thanksgiving came around, we sort of thought of the turkey as a pet, so we ate the dog. Only kidding. It was the cat.

Does the ultra vires doctrine provide the best justification for Essay

Does the ultra vires doctrine provide the best justification for judicial review in the British constitution - Essay Example Accordingly, the preservation of separation of powers is essential as a check on autocratic power. As such, the doctrine of ultra vires is theoretically vital in serving as a testament to the independence of the judiciary in its role under the fundamental constitutional separation of powers in ensuring that public bodies, such as government departments, local authorities, tribunals, agencies have not acted ultra vires5. Moreover, the ultra vires doctrine is cited as the first principle of natural justice and the rule of law that public bodies are required to act within the scope of the powers allocated to them by Parliament6. The incorporation of the European Convention of the Human Rights (implemented through the Human Rights Act 1998) further requires judicial review to ensure that public authorities do not â€Å"act in a way which is incompatible with a convention right7†. Indeed, Doctor Yardley asserts that judicial review is â€Å"the ultimate safeguard for the ordinary citizen against unlawful action by †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.the more powerful administration8†. Alternatively it has been argued that the ultra vires doctrine is inherently limited by enabling a process by which courts scrutinise and consider the validity of the manner in which public authorities have made a decision9. The essence of judicial review is to ensure that public authorities act appropriately in exercising their duty10 regardless of the merits of the decision, which in itself begs the question as to the efficacy of the judiciary’s role under the separation of powers to truly act as a curb on the legitimacy of abuses of power by the executive11. This is further compounded by the fact that the judiciary has evolved and expanded the parameters of the ultra vires doctrine on an ad hoc basis in order to circumvent the inherent limitations of judicial review12.

BAN - A Logic of Authentication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BAN - A Logic of Authentication - Essay Example As a result, Borrows, Abadi and Needham formulated a logic of belief and action, to address these errors. The logic allows people to formally describe the beliefs of trustworthy parties involved in these authentication protocols, thus uncovering subtleties, redundancies and flaws through an analysis of the protocols’ syntax and semantics. Borrows, Abadi and Needham take four published protocols into account, in order to show how they illustrate the appropriateness of this logical method of analysis. But how sound is the logic that they are proposing? How far can a vague and ambiguous logic take us? This paper aims to introduce the famous BAN (Borrows, Abadi and Needham) logic and it’s use on one of the published protocols (i.e. Kerberos), to discuss the logic’s success, its successors, and to review the critiques made on the logic. This paper is based on the article †A Logic of Authentication† published in 1989 by the authors Michael Burrows, Martin A badi and Roger Needham, University of Cambridge. The paper was nominated for publication in TOCS by the Program Committee for the ACM SIGOPS Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, December 1989. The three authors completed part of this work at Digital Equipment Corporation and part at the University of Cambridge. 2 Chapter 2 Introduction In this chapter a brief introduction to the basic principles of the BAN logic is discussed as well as a short section about security protocols. 2.1 An Introduction to Borrows, Abadi, Need- ham (BAN) Logic The BAN Logic is named after Borrows, Abadi and Needham. The logic is, as they stated, a logic of belief and action. It contains no logical inversions; therefore it cannot be used to prove that a protocol is flawed. But when proof, that a protocol is correct, cannot be obtained, that protocol deserves to be treated with suspicion [?]. In other words BAN logic does not aim to prove the security of a protocol; it can only catch certain kinds of s ubtle errors, help us to reason about the protocol, and help us identify and formalize our assumptions and analysis. Details of the BAN logic such as the idealization of protocol transactions, along with the various inference rules, will be discussed on the later sections. The authors of †A Logic of Authentication† introduce the BAN logic to protocol designers whom they believe are inappropriately copying available techniques; thus coming up with protocols containing many security flows. The authors explain the basic notation of the logic and five rules that are applied to analyze protocols. Afterwards, they move on to actually idealize different existing protocols to conclude that such a simple logic can capture subtle differences between protocols. If there is one thing that the authors forgot to mention, that would be the basic definitions of frequently used terms. So in this paper I will try my best to define those terms. 3 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION 4 2.1.1 Security Pr otocols A security protocol usually uses cryptography to distribute messages, authenticate the communicating parties and protects data over an insecure network. It can be defined as a set of transactions or traces. Each transaction consists of a series of communication events, some of which are perhaps interleaved protocol runs. Every desirable

Lower Lip Shave for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reconstruction

Lower Lip Shave for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reconstruction Lower lip shave for reconstruction of lower lip squamous cell carcinoma Introduction Global estimates of the incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma vary slightly between various sources, but it appears to be around the eighth commonest site for malignant tumours, with approximately 300,000 cases per year (Shaw, Pace-Balzan, Butterworth, 2011, Parkin et al. 2005) (Shaw et al. 2011) (Scully Bagan, 2009) (Saman Warnakulasuriya, 2009). The relative incidence of lower lip cancer is 35%, which is the highest among oral cancers sites and is most likely due to chronic exposure to sunlight (Bauer et al. 2014).Although the modifiable risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, diet and lifestyle (S. Warnakulasuriya, 2009) have been identified in the past, only a modest decline in incidence has been reported in recent decades (Chaturvedi et al. 2008). Moreover, an increase of oropharyngeal cancer cases has been related to HPV infections, highlighting the role played by HPV 16 as well as sexual behaviour in head and neck cancer (Chaturvedi et al. 2008; Marur et al. 2010). Despit e the decline in the prevalence of smoking in industrial countries, there is no noticeable reduction in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) incidence (Shaw et al. 2011). Cancer is a disease that is perhaps more dreaded by more people than any other ailment. The prognosis, in the early stages, therefore, is favourable. The most satisfactory results are obtained when the disease is detected early and treated promptly. A sound and suggestive approach to the problem of cancer control. Patient and methods A 55-year-old patient was referred by a General Medical Practitioner (GMP) regarding a one year history of recurrent lower lip swelling and infection. The patient reported having a lump on her lower lip for approximately one year. At first it was smaller in size and eventually almost occupied the whole lower lip within the one year. The patient complained of intermittent pain and dryness with occasional suppurative discharge from the lower lip. She had had frequent courses of antibiotics and at the time of initial consultation was on a course of fluconazole. The patient had a history of biopsy previously with the diagnosis of oral lichen planus in this region. Although, there had been an improvement of the symptoms after previous treatment at that time, a significant deterioration of symptoms had recurred with advanced swelling and crusting of the lower lip. According to the GMP and the patient, the lesion was worsening and had become resistant to topical medical treatment. There was no weight loss, abdominal or other systemic features observed. The patient’s appetite, sleep and mood were good. The patient had also been diagnosed with mild asthma 5 years prior. The patient consumed minimal amounts of alcohol, did not use any tobacco products and most of her time was spent indoors. Clinical examination Extra-oral examination; there was no detectable lymphadenopathy. 20mm haemorrhagic and crusting lump present on the lower lip and tender on touch, nodular in nature. Intra-oral examination; the oral mucosa was well lubricated and mild reticular white lines were present bilaterally on the buccal mucosa with no oral mucosa speckling or ulceration evident. The patient wore upper and lower complete acrylic dentures. An incisional biopsy was performed on initial consultation. The incisional biopsy report of the sample taken showed moderate dysplasia but given the clinical examination and the nature of the long history of symptoms, it might have been that the biopsy represented only a particular part and very likely that there had been invasive components to the other parts of the lip. The patient was referred urgently to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department for further treatment even though the lip was healing well after the incisional biopsy. Method of Treatment The Oral and Maxillofacial Consultant decided to perform a lip shave of the vermilion (Kolhe Leonard, 1988) and a tumour biopsy. This method of treatment is advisable in potentially malignant and early malignancy of small lesions and where there is no metastasis present. Involvement of the lymph nodes was not observed, thus the operative removal of the lymph node was not indicated. The vermilionectomy, also and better known colloquially as the lip shave, lip peal, or lip scalp operation, refers to the elliptical, horizontal excision of the exposed mucous membrane or vermilion of the lip, generally of the lower one, with resurfacing or retreading of the surgically created defect by the advancement of the undermined labial mucosa, thereby providing fresh covering which will tolerate many more years of wear (Kurth, n.d.). This procedure is a relatively simple, well-standardised, non-deforming plastic procedure of short duration. After general anesthesia has been performed, surgical preparation of the field with colourless antiseptic solution is applied, and after appropriate draping, the exposed area of lip vermilion to be excised is first outlined with a methylene blue guide mark, after which the underlying tissues are locally infiltrated with Lignospan 2% (1:80000) solution. The outlined mark is incised throughout its entire extent while the lip is firmly immobilized with the thumb and index finger of the free hand, with care being taken to make vertical rather than oblique shelving incisions so that subsequent closure will be facilitated and hypertrophic scarring prevented. After the mucosa is first elevated by sharp dissection from one corner, it can then most conveniently be removed by curved, pointed scissors down to the muscular layer. In cases of superficial malignancy, even a deeper resection can be performed without impairing the watertight closure of the lips or jeopardizing the cosmetic result. A fter haemostasis has been secured with 3-0 Prolene, the labial mucosa is undermined for an appropriate distance down to the deep muscular plane, the surgically created defect being closed by the advancement and approximation of this mobilized flap, which is then united to the cutaneous edge. To achieve an even and symmetrical closure three key sutures are first inserted, the first in the mid-portion of the lip and the remaining two bisecting the distance between the first suture and the commissures. The continuous sutures of 6-0 Prolene can then be inserted consecutively from the wound edge. The knots should not overlay the suture line so as not to retard healing. The donor site was sutured with continuous Vicryl 3.0 suture. The excised mucosal lesion was ellipsoid in shape with the parameters of 14mm horizontally x 20mm from superior to inferior x 8mm in depth. The mucosal excision was marked with the suture material (long stitch right-sided. Short stitch lingual) and sent for histopathological examination. The patient was given broad spectrum antimicrobial (Amoxicillin 500mg) injections for at least 3 days postoperatively and advised to use the lips as little as possible. The wound was kept moist during the day with frequently changed dressings of sterile normal saline which contributed considerably to the patients comfort. At night a thick layer of Aureomycin was advised, to be applied to the suture line to prevent crusting and infection. After three days the alternate sutures could be removed, and the remaining ones on the next day following the healing having progressed satisfactorily. The patient was instructed to keep the resurfaced lip well lubricated with Vaseline, lanolin, or similar preparations for quite some time postoperatively, and was also advised to avoid undue exposure to the sun. Conclusion Although, the patient had been primarily treated for symptomatic oral lichen planus, the condition had worsened significantly within a year. A second incisional biopsy showed moderate dysplasia. Furthermore, the history of rapid symptom progression of the lesion justified the performance of a prompt excisional biopsy under general anesthesia. The most recent hisopathological report confirmed the moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis, whereas moderate dysplasia was representative of only part of the lesion. Tumour thickness was about 4mm (exophytic and endophytic components) with focally non-cohesive invasion pattern. The lesion was successfully removed within excision margins from 2mm to over 5mm. Nevertheless, close follow up will be continued and the necessity of radiotherapy has been considered at a multidisciplinary meeting as margin dysplasia was found of varying grades at all margins. The lip shave is thus a non-deforming plastic operation of great value in the prophylaxis and treatment of lip cancer and in the cosmetic correction of certain congenital, neoplastic, and traumatic lip deformities. (Kurth, LIP SHAVE OR VERMILIONECTOMY : INDICATIONS AND TECHNIQUE). This is obviously not a technique suitable for all lip defects, but in selected cases it gives a very satisfactory result. Discussion Tumours are divided into two main classes; one being benign and the other, malignant. A tumour may show any degree of malignancy, which in turn has an important bearing on the prognosis and on the prospect of successful treatment. The carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumour. It is the commonest of all malignant tumours. Among the most important carcinomas is the squamous cell carcinoma. It grows particularly on the skin, lip, tongue, larynx, cervix, and urinary bladder. Ulcers about the mouth or lips that does not heal in ten days to two weeks is a significant sign of oral cancer. If detected early and properly diagnosed, cancer is often cured or at least controlled. Incidences of oral cancer have been rising in many countries around the world (Saman Warnakulasuriya et al. 2008). The 5-year survival rate for oral cancer has not significantly improved in the past 30 years and remains at approximately 50% (Jemal et al. 2004). Many oral squamous cell carcinomas are preceded by clinically evident oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) (Saman Warnakulasuriya, Mak, Mà ¶ller, 2007). It is very important to prevent malignant change in people diagnosed with OPMDs, but the hazard ratios of various OPMDs are not well known. OPMDs include hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia (Schepman et al. 1998, â€Å"Oral Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation†, 1984) erythroplakia (Reichart Philipsen, 2005) and oral submucous fibrosis (Murti et al. 1985, Pindborg et al. 1984) and their clinical phenotypes are well documented. Hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia and OSF are the most common oral mucosal disorders in the regions where areca quid chewing is prevalent, such as India, Taiwan, and other Southeast Asian countries (Pindborg et al. 1984, Reichart Philipsen, 2005, Lee et al. 2003, Silverman et al. 1976, Kaas et al. 1994, Chung et al. 2005). The malignant potential of oral lichen planus (OLP) remains controversial because of the absence of universally accepted diagnosis criteria (Chung et al. 2005). The malignant transformation rates of OPMDs show a great variation; for example, 10–20% of hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia may transform to cancer and the estimated annual rate is 1.4%–7% (Schepman et al. 1998, â€Å"Oral Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation,† 1984). In oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) there have been many efforts to identify the factors that will allow staging in a way that accurately predicts prognosis. Many different factors have been investigated as possible predictors of outcome including patient age (Thoma et al. 2014), performance status (Rades et al. 2011) laboratory (Wittekindt P. et al. 2013) histologic grade (Arduino et al. 2008, Weijers Snow et al. 2009, Caslin R. et al. 1992, Piffkà ² et al. 1997, Brandwein-Gensler et al. 2005, Lindenblatt et al. 2012, Kurokawa et al. 2005), and various biomarkers (Ziober et al. 2008, Grimm, 2012). Current staging criteria from the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) for head and neck cancer rely only on tumour size, node status, and the presence of distant metastasis (TNM). Extracapsular nodal spread, positive margins, and lymphovascular invasion are used as indications for adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy but are not part of the staging criteria. Histologic grade is not included in the current staging criteria because its ability to predict a prognosis has historically been controversial (Roland et al. 1992). Although SCC staging protocol in the seventh edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual seems to represent an improvement from previous editions, there are still significant shortcomings, the greatest of which is a lack of practicality. Several studies have questioned the prognostic accuracy of the TNM system for oral cancer since neither patients comorbidity, specific tumour related factors nor multimodal treatment regimens such as preoperative radiochemotherapy (RCT) are incorporated (Kreppel et al. 2013). Nevertheless, a strong association between conventional cytology grade and survival in patients has been stated by several investigators (Weigum et al. 2010, Editor Kurtycz, 2011, Thomas et al. 2014). A high histologic grade in early stage oral cavity cancer is associated with poorer survival and carries independent prognostic value, in addition to tumour size, node status, and the presence of a distant metastasis (TNM) stage. Thus, histologic grade is considered clinically when making treatment decisions, and multivariable models of survival should include grade as a covariate to improve prognostic accuracy (Thomas et al. 2014). Lip tumours are usually low grade, whereas tumours from teeth to back of tongue are increasing in malignancy as we pass back (Grade 2); tumours of pharynx-high-grade malignancy (grade 3). Grading is a useful method of communication between pathologist and surgeon and is also used as a guide to treatment. Briefly, grades 1 and 2 are usually treated surgicall y, whereas grades 3 and 4 require radiation. Furthermore, the influence of immunological parameters on the prognosis of OSCC has already been discussed in the 1970thand 1980th[References 8,9]. Despite the fact that oral cancer and its causes are well known to the medical and dental professions, and that the tissues of the mouth are accessible for early detection of any abnormal condition, intraoral cancer continues to present an important problem. Selection of early cancer diagnosis is often difficult, especially in some cases where early symptoms are not present or misleading such as in the present case. The gross appearance first presents a local induration, then a warty mass followed by deep infiltration. The malignant ulcer is slow-growing, hard, indurated, and invasive with round edges. It may or may not involve the lymphatic nodes. Furthermore, the risk factors associated with these OPMDs and oral cancers have been established. Tobacco use, alcohol abuse and areca quid chewing habits are important risk factors. The associated factors in the progression of the disease and malignant transformation of OPMDs have not been well defined in previous studies: lesion type (Schepman et al. 1998, â€Å"Oral Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation,† 1984, Murti et al. 1985, Pindborg et al. 1984, Lumerman A. et al. 1995, Hsue et al. 2007), age (Hsue et al. 2007), lifestyle habits (Schepman et al. 1998, Hsue et al. 2007, Chen S. et al. 2000) and lesion subsites (Scully et al. 2003) were significant factors related to malignancy, but the results from different studies vary and firm conclusions cannot be drawn. Excision of the exposed mucosa or vermilion of the lips can be safely performed even under local anaesthesia and is particularly indicated in situations requiring resurfacing of the lip, notably extensive precancerous leukoplakia or chronic solar cheilitis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the chronic sunburn of the weather-beaten farmers or sailors skin or tropical skin of the inhabitants of sunny climates. (Kurth, Lip Shave or vermilionectomy: indications and technique). Furthermore, according to the author the best results with local flaps are achieved in midline defects of the lower and upper lip. References A, M. R. L., Kaas, W., Ja, L., Nw, J. (1994). Role of areca nut in the causation of orai submucous fibrosisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: a case- control study in Pakistan. Allen, E. C. M., Lumerman, H., Freedman, P., Kerpel, S. (1995). ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL PATHOLOGY Oral epithelial dysplasia and the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, 79(3), 321–329. Arduino, P. G., Carrozzo, M., Chiecchio, A., Broccoletti, R., Tirone, F., Borra, E., †¦ Gandolfo, S. (2008). Clinical and histopathologic independent prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 334 cases. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 66(8), 1570–9. Bauer, A., Hault, K., Knuschke, P., Beissert, S., Bauer, A. (2014). These articles have been accepted for publication in the British Journal of Dermatology and are currently being edited and typeset . Brandwein-Gensler, M., Teixeira, M. S., Lewis, C. M., Lee, B., Rolnitzky, L., Hille, J. J., †¦ Wang, B. Y. (2005). Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 29(2), 167–178. Chung, C.-H., Yang, Y.-H., Wang, T.-Y., Shieh, T.-Y., Warnakulasuriya, S. (2005). Oral precancerous disorders associated with areca quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol drinking in southern Taiwan. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 34(8), 460–6. Editor, S., Kurtycz, D. F. I. (2011). The Role of Cytology in Oral Lesionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯:, 40(1), 73–83. Grimm, M. (2012). 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Coke & Pepsi learn to compete in India Essay

Timing of entry into the Indian market brought different results for PepsiCo and Coca-Cola India. What benefits or disadvantages accrued as a result of earlier or later market entry? Coca-Cola (1990) Benefits: advantages as „Early-Followerâ€Å", possibility to use reliable market information that ´s already existing take-over of standards position as international market leader Disadvantages: expert knowledge of competitors has to be overtaken gain trust of new customers as „anotherâ€Å" foreign company PepsiCo (1986) Benefits: early entry while the market is developing achievement of a good market position enforcement of product standards early impact on local producers (26% market share for Pepsi Food) Disadvantages: high costs for tapping a new market local demand for carbonated drinks very low at that time The Indian market is enormous in terms of population and geography. How have the two companies responded to the sheer scale of operations in India in terms of product policies, promotional activities, pricing policies and distribution arrangements? Coca-Cola Product policies: focus on all beverages that are non-carbonated Kinley Brand of bottled water introduction of new brands, introduction of new size „Miniâ€Å" Promotional activities: build a connection with the youth market Business plan: â€Å"Think local – act local†: Lucky draws where you can win a free trip to Goa, TV campaigns, employing local and regional festivals and sport events, building a connection with the youth: use of music and ballet, short films, work with actors and actresses Campaign slogan: †Cool means coca cola† Retail outlet â€Å"Red Lounge† where the youth can spent time and consume Coke products. Pricing policies: Low prices and later on even reducing of prices (Skimming pricing) Price bundles („Buy one – get one freeâ€Å") Distribution arrangements: Red Lounge Focus on Southern India Pepsi Product policies: bolstering non-cola portfolio and other categories: fruit juices juice-based drinks and water, introduction of new products Promotional activities: Sponsorship of garba, TV campaigns, employing local and regional   festivals and sport events, sponsorship of Cricket and Football as well as a music video with Bollywood stars. Pricing policies: aggressive pricing policy (impact on local producer Parle) Distribution arrangements: focus on northern and western parts of India Which of the two companies has better long-term prospects for success in India? Why? PepsiCo has better long-term prospects for success in India  earlier market entry than Coca Cola  non-cola portfolio makes one-fourth of the overall business in India (e.g. significant player in the packaged water market)   following the consumers lifestyle of sports and exercise through fitting advertisement not as bad as Coca-Cola involved in the pesticide accusation What lessons can each company draw from its Indian experience as it  contemplates entry into other big emerging markets? It’s not possible to transfer the complete marketing strategy from Europe or US to the Asian market. You have to know about the cultural and governmental   specifics of the market where you want to be successful. Communication policy: In India people interpret a policy of silence as guilt so the company has to get into a street fight if something wrong is published.  It’s important to know much about the local market: Which products are sold to which price? Who are the  market leaders? How aggressive is the competition?