Patient Risk Essay

This example of a reflective essay is presented in association with Price, B and Harrington, A (2013) Critical Thinking and Writing for Nursing Students, London, Learning Matters. Readers are introduced to the process of critical and reflective thinking and the translation of these into coursework that will help them to achieve better grades in nursing courses. Stewart, Raymet, Fatima and Gina are four students who share their learning journey throughout the chapters of the book. In this essay on the assessment of pain, Raymet demonstrates her reflective writing skills near the end of her course. Raymet had by this stage written several reflective practice essays and gained good marks. This time though she was encouraged to deepen her reflections, speculating selectively on how the account of pain experienced by a patient (Mrs Drew) might help her to work more creatively with patient perceptions and reported needs. N.B. Remember, copying essays such as this, submitting them as a whole or in part for assessment purposes, without attributing the source of the material, may leave you open to the charge of plagiarism. Significant sanctions may follow for nurses who do this, including referral to the Nursing and Midwifery Council. Assessing Mrs Drew’s Pain Mc Caffery and Pasero (1999) state that pain is what the patient says it is. If we accept that point, then nurses need to explore the patient’s perceptions of pain, as well as their report of experiences. The two are not quite the same. Patients may report their pain in a variety of ways, dependent on the nature and the intensity of pain and the context in which it is felt (e.g. whether they are ever distracted from the pain). Their perception of pain is a little more though and it includes the meaning that the pain has for them. It includes explanation of why the pain is there in the first place, what it indicates about their body and what it could  suggest might happen in the future (getting better, getting worse). The nurse assesses the account of pain shared by the patient, and this may be given in the form of a story. This is how it began, this is how it felt, this is what that meant to me and this is what I did about it (Mishler et al. 2006) In this essay I explore the assessment of pain as conducted with one 60 year old patient whom I will call Mrs Drew. Whilst the essay describes an assessment of pain with a single patient, I try to share too some ideas and questions that this provokes within me about pain assessment more generally. Mrs Drew made me think about other patients, future assessments and what I had to do as a nurse to help patients. To help structure this essay I use the framework described by Gibbs (1988). Whilst the episode concerned relates a stage in Mrs Drew’s illness when she challenged her treatment protocol, it also includes some of the memories and thoughts that this patient refers to regarding her earlier illness and past ways of coping with pain. In particular, it prompted me to question to what extent I as a nurse should recommend analgesia, drawing on what I had been taught about the effective control of pain. I had learned that it was better to control rather than to chase pain ( e.g. Mann and Carr, 2006; Forbes, 2007). Mrs Drew was diagnosed with lung cancer a year earlier and had initially had her illness treated by chemotherapy. This had helped her to achieve a remission that lasted for nearly ten months (Hunt et al, 2009 describe the prognosis of this disease). The cancer had returned though and spread to her spine and it was here that she experienced most of her pain.It was at this stage that the doctors explained that her care would now be directed towards her comfort rather than a cure—to which she had replied, ‘you mean palliative care’. Mrs Drew was supported at home by her husband Neil and visited on a regular basis by community based nurses to whom I was attached as part of my student nurse training. She was prescribed oral morphine and could decide within stated limits how many tablets she could take in any one 24 hour period. The situation I had visited Mrs Drew on several occasions over the period of a month when the community nurse and I were confronted by a tearful patient who announced that she did not wish to take the oral opiates quite as often as we were recommending. As she spoke she held her husband’s hand tightly, looking across to him as she described her experiences and feelings about the matter. Yes, there had been some bad nights when the pain had woken her and she had to sit up and watch television to try and distract herself. Yes, sometimes the pain made her feel nauseous, but she was alarmed at how frequently she was taking the ‘pain tablets’ and how this made her feel about herself. However well meant the medication was, it didn’t feel dignified to be so reliant on drugs, or quite so sleepy and unresponsive for such a high percentage of the day. Whilst the analgesia was working well when she took the tablets, the quality of life wasn’t what she wanted. The community nurse listened patiently to Mrs Drew and then explained that it was normal to have panic moments about such medication. Morphine had a reputation, one that people associated with misuse of drugs, rather than their therapeutic use. Used on a regular basis, the drug wouldn’t cause addiction and it would provide a great deal of reassurance to Mr Drew as well. The community nurse stated that she was quite sure that he respected his wife’s need to sleep when she wished and to build the rhythm of the day around her needs. At this point Mrs Drew shook her husband’s hand, and said, ‘tell her†¦tell her what we’ve talked about!’ Mr Drew then explained that his wife was used to dealing with pain, she had suffered recurrent pain in her neck and shoulder after a road traffic accident some years before. The pain had sometimes been severe, but he had massaged her shoulders and used heat packs that she found soothing. They had decided that they wished to use this technique now, keeping the morphine for absolute emergencies, when she was losing sleep and couldn’t eat as a result of the discomfort. The community nurse assured them that they were in charge of the analgesia and would be allowed to make their own decisions. She started to make notes though, and announced that she was making a referral to the cancer pain clinic, something that would help them to take stock of the situation. There was very good reason to suppose that this might be a problem associated with choosing the right dosage of the  morphine, rather than using supplemental pain relief measures. Mrs Drew responded sharply, ‘You’re not listening to me though Jane (the community nurse’s name—a pseudonym is used here), I want to use heat packs instead of morphine, at least during the day. I want to be more alive with my husband.’ The community nurse assured Mrs Drew that she had heard what she had said and respected her point of view. There would though be nothing lost by using the clinic to gain a further check on this matter. With that she excused us, explaining that we had a further appointment that morning and we left, having checked that Mrs Drew had a sufficient supply of her different medicines. As we walked to the car the community nurse empathised with Mrs Drew’s plight, saying that if she had lung cancer she would probably grasp at straws too. She would reach out for things that seemed more normal, and then observed, ‘but this isn’t normal is it, the pain she has isn’t normal. It’s not just a whip lash injury and old age.’ Feelings I remember that during this episode feeling a mixture of confusion, surprise, anger and impotence. Mrs Drew had surprised me by the way she had spoken, using what seemed to be a planned announcement. They had waited for and perhaps rehearsed this moment. Nothing in my experience to date had prepared me for such an encounter, at least in such circumstances, where we as nurses were so obviously working to support the patient. It was only later that I called the episode a confrontation. Mr and Mrs Drew had confronted the community nurse and I had been the largely silent witness to the event. As the discussion proceeded I remember making supportive noises, remarking how useful heat packs sometimes were and glancing across at Jane, who seemed to be signalling with her expression that I should leave this debate to her. I was trying to read her reactions to the Drew’s points and concluded that if I couldn’t support her arguments to the patient, then I should remain silent. The re were issues here that I perhaps hadn’t enough experience to deal with, at least, whilst ‘thinking on my feet’. My initial anger (with Mrs Drew for not acknowledging all that we were trying to do) quickly became displaced towards my colleague Jane. During the event I couldn’t explain why that was, but afterwards, when I made notes, I realised that it was because she seemed to have set the agenda in her own mind and to be requiring the patient to comply with concerns of her own. Put rather crudely, Jane seemed to be saying, listen I know about these things, this is a phase, an anxiety; you can work through all this. I believed at this point that she had missed the significance of the event, the way in which the Drew’s had arranged the conversation. For them, this was not a phase at all, but a considered and very important decision, one that they wanted the nurses to accept (Freshwater, 2002 and Edwards and Elwyn, 2009 emphasize the importance of negotiated care planning). My feelings of impotence were associated strongly with my lack of clinical experience. I have met this before. No matter how many placements I do, no matter how good the mentoring I receive, I keep meeting situations where I am unsure about how to respond next. I feel younger, less knowledgeable than I should be at this stage in my training. I want to reassure patients, to support colleagues and to give good advice, but there is not enough confidence to do that. If I felt unsettled and uncertain about Jane’s response to the Drew’s, right then I couldn’t easily explain that. I couldn’t offer a second opinion, couldn’t suggest an idea that might help support the patient. To my annoyance I couldn’t manage that either as we left the house. Jane had made some fair points, she  clearly seemed concerned about the patient’s needs, but perhaps she hadn’t spotted the right need—for Mrs Drew to determine in greater part how she de alt with her illness. Experience evaluated Afterwards, this short episode prompted doubts and debates about several important aspects of nursing for me. Setting aside the etiquette of learning in clinical practice, not challenging a qualified nurse in front of a  patient, there were problems here associated with supporting patient dignity, with my assumptions relating to analgesia and pain control strategies, and I realised, with my assumptions about types of pain and who had the expertise to define these. Dignity is more than simply using the appropriate terms of address, protecting the privacy of patients and attending to their expressed concerns (Price, 2004). It is about clarifying the ways in which they live and accommodate illness or treatment. It is about finding out what benchmarks they use to say that ‘yes, I am doing well here, this makes me feel good about myself’. Upon reflection, I sense that we on this occasion had not worked hard enough to discover how Mr and Mrs Drew define quality of life, or being in charge of their situation. We were more concerned with providing resources, sharing research or theory about medication and questioning the familiar misconceptions associated with morphine. To put it simply, we were ‘missing a trick’, reading the encounter as something that had happened many times before—the report of problems or anxieties, a request for help, rather than a decision that the patient and her carer had already come to. Reading situations well seemed, with the benefit of hindsight, to be the first basis for dignified care. ‘What is happening here, what will help the patient most?’ were questions that we perhaps assumed that we already knew the answer to. I realised that in my training I had already accepted the argument that patients would wish to remain pain free come what may and that the tackling of fears about prospective pain, was something that nurses engaged in. I assumed that because cancer pain represented such a major threat, because it was greater and more all encompassing, that there was little or no doubt that it should be removed. What was so unsettling, and took so much time to examine, was that Mrs Drew acknowledged the possible severity of metastatic cancer pain, but that she still preferred to respond to it using measures that had worked for her whiplash neck injury. Mrs Drew was willing to trade off a pain free state for something that gave her a greater sense of control and which perhaps enabled her husband to express his support for her in a very tangible way (preparing heat packs, massaging her back, rather than simply giving her the tablets). Mr and Mrs Drew questioned all my assumptions about best analgesia pr actice, and seemed to write a large  question mark on the textbooks I had read about chasing rather than controlling pain in palliative care situations (Mann and Carr, 2006). Reflections (learning opportunities) The episode with Mrs Drew left me uncomfortable because my past approach to pain management was theoretical. I (and I believe Jane too) regularly made use of science to decide what could be done as regards pain relief and to assume that patients would wish to achieve all of those benefits. This wasn’t about local applications of heat versus morphine, Mrs Drew could use both, it was about choice and how patients made choices—why they reached the decisions that they did. It was for me, about accepting very personally, that providing that patients are given all the relevant facts, alerted to the options, that they really are able to make choices that work for them. The very fact that Mrs Drew’s illness was now incurable, that she and her husband usually tackled pain together, meant that her solution to the challenge was different to those that many other patients arrived at. Having dealt with this pain for some time, knowing that it could and probably would get wors e, meant that she was better equipped than other less experienced patients to make a decision here. This took nothing away from the benefits of sharing further discussion with pain clinic experts. I thought, Mrs Drew will stand her ground, she will insist on doing things her way if her husband is strong too. What it did highlight though was the importance of listening to patients, hearing how they perceive pain, how they narrate not only the pain but what they did about it. In this instance the narration was all about dignity, and coping, and finding ways to help one another and how this enables us to feel in the face of such a terrible illness. So, in telling us about her pain, what she did about it, using morphine when it was ‘absolutely required’, Mrs Drew was not reporting her ignorance of what could be achieved if the medication was used differently, but what she preferred to do as it enabled her to achieve different goals. Mrs Drew’s goals were about liveliness, alertness and stoicism, showing that she could bear at least a measure of pain. I wondered why I hadn’t listened carefully enough to such a story? Was it because of time pressure, or perhaps complacency, that Jane and I felt that we already knew what account would be  shared? Did we think that the patient would ask for help, more help, as the pain continued? If so, then our guesses had prompted us to behave as experts, and problem solvers, on the patient’s behalf. Perhaps hearing a patient narrative is about discovering what sort of role they would like you to fulfil. If so, then it might be a difficult role. I thought hard about how hard this was for Jane. She was going to be asked to witness Mrs Drew’s future pain, one that was now less perfectly controlled. She was going to be asked to reassure, to suggest measures that might help, without reminding the patient that she ‘already knew that you couldn’t manage pain that way!’ When I think about it now, that is very stressful for a nurse. It is about caring and allowing patient’s to make choices that we personally might not make. Conclusions I have drawn then three conclusions from the above reflection. First, that being patient centred is never easy and requires real listening and interpretation skills. My criticism of what Jane chose to do, to try and dissuade Mrs Drew from a course of action, recommending further appraisal of the situation, is an easy one to make. Nurses confront situations such as this relatively unprepared and react as considerately as possible. It is easy in hindsight to recommend other responses, a further exploration of what motivated Mrs Drew’s pain management preferences. Second, that experience can be a valuable teacher, the equal of textbooks. If nurses are interested in care, then we should be concerned with the sense that patients make of their own illness, the treatment or support that they receive. We need to understand what patients have to teach us and have to acknowledge that this means that we won’t always seem in control ourselves, expert and knowledgeable. Our expertise might be elsewhere, helping patients to reach their own decisions. Third, that one way to understand patient perspectives on illness or treatment, on pain management in this example, is to hear how they talk  about the situation. How do they describe the pain, how do they refer to what they did about it? The way in which the story is shared, how we coped, how this made us feel, is as important as the facts related. Sometimes a patient needs to feel stalwart, even heroic in the face of illness. Future care It would be foolish and unprofessional to recommend to other patients that they might not wish to remove pain, or that overcoming pain doesn’t always mean we don’t continue to experience it. For every Mrs Drew there may be many other patients who would welcome the complete removal of pain, so that they can die calmly, quietly, with their own version of dignity. But it does seem to me, that it will be worth thinking about the diversity of patients and how they prefer to cope when I assess pain and help manage this problem in the future. I won’t be able to walk away from the responsibility of debating whether I have explained all that I could, detailed the strengths and limitations of different ways of coping. I will need to find reflection time to ponder what patients have said and if necessary to go back and say, ‘I’ve been thinking some more about your words last week..’ knowing that this doesn’t make me any the less professional. References Edwards, A and Elwyn, G (2009) Shared decision-making in health care: achieving evidencebased patient choice, 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press Forbes, K (2007) Opiods in cancer pain, Oxford, Oxford University Press Freshwater, D (2002) Therapeutic nursing: improving patient care through self awareness, London, Sage. Gibbs G (1988) Learning by doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods, Oxford, Oxford Polytechnic Further Education unit Hunt, I., Muers, M and Treasure, T (2009) ABC of lung cancer, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell/BMJ Books Mann, E and Carr, E (2006) Pain management, Oxford, Blackwell McCaffery, M and Pasero, C (1999) Pain: Clinical manual, Mosby, Philadelphia Mishler, E., Rapport, F and Wainwright, P (2006) The self in health and illness: patients, professionals and narrative identity, Oxford, Radcliffe Publishing Ltd Price, B (2004) Demonstrating respect for patient dignity, Nursing Standard, 19(12), 45-51

Cottage Industries

Cottage industry or home industry means the manufacturing of goods at home by hands, with small capital and on a small scale by the members of a family. Cottage industries are part time or supplementary occupations. In the past cottage industries played an important role in the economy of our country. They provided employment to a large number of people. The destruction of the cottage industries is one of the main causes of poverty in our country. Ours is an age of machine and large scale industries.Yet even in the highly industrialized country like Japan and Germany, a good proportion of their industries are run in a ‘domestic' system. In India cottage industries have a more important part to play than any other country. They can help a lot in solving the problem of unemployment and poverty. For more than four months in a year, our cultivators have no work to do. Cottage industries can give the cultivator useful employment during spare time. That was why Mahatma Gandhi laid em phasis on reviving the dying cottage industries.Since Independence the country, the government too has been making all possible efforts in this direction. Cottage industries have some real and practical advantages. They make the best use of woman labour. They make the work joyful and pleasant. There is no corruption and no exploitation of the poor by the rich. In cottage Industries there is no fear of a quarrel between the labour and factory owner. In far time Cottage Industries become the vital importance. Large scale Industries provide an easy target to the enemy planes for bombing Tom the air.Their destruction may throw the whole economic structure of the country out of the gear. But if Cottage Industries are well organized, the supply of the country's needs can be maintained to large extent. Cottage Industries can successfully complete with machine made goods, if they are run on modern lines. Periodic exhibitions of the good; manufactured by Cottage Industries and development of Co-operative system are of great advantage for their progress. Co-operative system can help in solving the problems of capital, raw material and marketing then they would easily withstand the competition Large Scale factory production.

Brand Loyalty A Two Dimensional Approach Marketing Essay

Brand Loyalty A Two Dimensional Approach Marketing Essay The ultimate goal of the research is to understand if brand loyalty may arise from participating in online brand communities. This section more specifically intends to provide an answer to the following sub-question: â€Å"Does commitment to online brand communities lead to members’ loyalty toward the brand?† Brand Loyalty: a Two-Dimensional Approach Nowadays, brand loyalty is considered as one of the most valuable asset of any company. Due to the higher cost of attracting new customers, companies have realized the interest of retaining existing ones by carefully developing and managing relationships with them. As explained Rosenberg and Czepiel (1983) (cited in Mellens, Dekimpe, indeed, if properly managed brand loyalty has the ability to provide companies with a sustainable competitive advantage. Companies selling brands with strong customer loyalty can enjoy valuable benefits including: â€Å"ability to maintain premium pricing, greater bargaining power with chann els of distribution, reduced selling costs, a strong barrier to potential new entries into the product or service category, and synergistic advantages of brand extensions† (Reichheld, 1996; cited in Gommans, Krismnan Mellens et al., 1996). Two main approaches in explaining the concept of brand loyalty have emerged in the landscape of the marketing literature, namely: the behavioral and attitudinal approaches. The former defines brand loyalty in terms of repeat purchases of a specific brand over time (Keller et al., 2008; Lichtlà © Sheth, 1968; Tuominen, 1999). The latter – often referred to brand commitment (Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978) – suggests brand loyalty is formed when customers demonstrate favorable attitudes, positive feelings toward a brand (Lichtlà © Fullerton, 1993; Jacoby Keller et al., 2008; Tuominen, 1999). Those partisans of the third approach argue that behavioral loyalty is a necessary condition but not sufficient to develop brand loyalty. I ndeed, customer may repeatedly buy a branded product/service out of convenience, or because she/he cannot afford to purchase another with her/his budget, or due to other reasons such as stock limitations. Such behaviors are referred to as purchase inertia (Bloemer & Kasper, 1995) or spurious loyalty (Dick & Basu, 1994) (Cited in Lichtlà © & Plichon, 2008). This implies that if, for example, the price increases or if an alternative product is available, the customer may turn to another brand. It is the reason why those authors speak of brand loyalty only when repeat purchase behavior over time is the result of positive feelings and attitudes to the brand (Lichtlà © & Plichon, 2008). Aaker (1991) and Keller et al. (2008) go a step further by explaining customers should not simply have positive feelings about the brand but they should feel a deep attitudinal attachment to the brand, leading to repurchase behaviors in the future. By viewing brand loyalty as a two-dimensional construct , limitations faced by the behavioral approach in explaining customer’s loyalty to a brand can be overcome.

My Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Code of Ethics - Essay Example With that, if every child is educated well, the school needs to be sure that there are protections and alternatives to risky behaviors available to our children. Gorman stated in the speech (2006), "There is no single magic answer to the social and academic challenges that our students face. The solution instead lies within each of us in this community - it is up to us to be involved in our schools, to teach our children the importance and the value of education and to make sure they achieve at the highest level possible. To raise our achievement levels, CMS needs help from every member of this community" (Speech for the Greater Enrichment Program, 2006). In today's modern society, schools are sometimes forced to leave some children behind. However, for some multicultural students, the noble idea of not leaving a child behind has not yet been taken seriously with the general public and a lot of educational systems. This is why it is very important in my code of ethics for parents to be involved.  Ã‚   and learn differently from one another, in my code of ethics, parents should be brought into the learning process so that every child can learn the same way even though they will process it in a different. If school systems would accept this concept of diversity in learning, there would be no feeling of failure for the no child left behind program.Things such as the abovementioned only form the apparentness and literalness of the behavior of American students. Because of their differing backgrounds and despite their oneness when it comes to opinionating, the ways in which they were brought up surely play the most significant factor on why they are who they are (Khramtsova and Saarnio 2007). Their behaviors are correlated with all the attributes they and their backgrounds possess. One such example is the success. A student in an American classroom can correlate his depression and be antisocial with the way he is performing academically. And also, lest it is forgotten, the behavior of American students inside the classroom depends somewhat upon their relationships with professors and faculty, because, after all, they are the ones who teach the subject and interact with students (Sorcinelli 1995).

Power of Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Power of Media - Essay Example Contrary to public perception, â€Å"convergence culture† is not limited to only participating in online voting or phoning in your votes for the latest talent competition on television. Although it is true that the activity is all-inclusive, it does not signify a convergence of any cultural sort. Rather, a mass protest rally in front of an embassy, declaring sentiments against a popular problem or plan of action could be more considered as an example of â€Å"convergence culture†. â€Å"Convergence culture† is the modern way by which our society is being shaped by a new generation of movers and thinkers. While we used to be a culture defined by what the powers that be in mass media such as radio and television say we should be, now we find that people have the actual ability to buck at such dictates already. Instead, people are dictating who they are and what they will be with the help of modern digital communication gadgets. Cellular phones now allow for mass sh aring of information between people faster than a television or news broadcast. Everything these days happens in real time, with various people sharing their experiences across the world by simply a point, click, and send on their phones, laptops, and other portable media devices. In such instances, this collective sharing of events, although depicting various points of view, all dictate the definition of what â€Å"convergence culture† is all about. Basically, â€Å"convergence culture† is not bound by the same restrictions that normal media practitioners must adhere to. Fan fiction writing and blogging are some examples of a method by which people continue to promote ideas and items that they have come to know and love but without the manipulative hand of the owners of the product. An act which, although frowned upon by most media big wigs, has proven to be the new way through which promotional activities can actually gain a longer life span that could oftentimes, su rpass the lifetime of the product or movie being promoted as well. It is because of this emerging power of the new digital media technology that the old guards, the newspaper and book publishers, the movie producers, and they're like, are all in a quandary as to how to position themselves in this new era of promotional activity and news sharing. You see, as Jenkins claimed in his paper, When people take media into their own hands, the results can be wonderfully creative; they can also be bad news for all involved. (par. 39). We have seen the ways through which the regular news sources have become all but obsolete in our modern world. The troubles in the Middle East that escalated in momentum and action this year alone showed that Twitter and Facebook are far more effective information dissemination tools when it comes to news reporting.

Critically Assess the Claims That Animals, Particularly Chimpanzees, Essay

Critically Assess the Claims That Animals, Particularly Chimpanzees, Have a Humanlike Understanding of Mental States - Essay Example This paper stresses that there are many debates between scientists over theory of mind and do animals have one? Those who are primatologists and other observors of animal behaviour term theory of mind ‘Machiavellian intelligence’, ‘metarepresentation’, ‘metcognition’, ‘mind reading’ and ‘pan’ or ‘pongo-morphism’. Now a researcher who would use the term ‘mental state attribution’ is likely to believe law-like generalisations underlie mental state ascription. This report makes a conclusion that the report states, ‘theory of attention in which organisms are subjectively connected to the world not through any particular sensory modality such as vision but rather through other (as-of-yet unspecified) behavioural indicators’. As observed, behaviour is not always valid indictor of having a theory of mind. Hence it will not be obvious to the untrained individual if or not chimps have a human like understanding of mental states. In research like povinelli’s ‘reasoning about beliefs, a human specialisation?’ a very striking point is brought up that ‘theory of mind is unique to our species, and that its original function was to provide a more abstract level of describing ancient behavioural patterns (such as deception, reconciliation, and gaze following)-behaviours that humans share in common with many other species.’ This material sheds knew light on what we thought we knew bout the human mind’ s ‘theory of mind’.

Fashion Illustrations in France during the 17th & 18th Century Essay

Fashion Illustrations in France during the 17th & 18th Century - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Illustrations in France during the 17th & 18th Century" talks about French fashion illustrations in the 17th & 18th Century. The most famous fashion style in Europe during this time encompassed the Baroque style, which arrived late in France than any other part of Europe. During the 17th and 18th century, France witnessed a significant development in the fashion styles. Various styles of fashion emerged during this period and gained prominence all over France. This paper will discuss the fashion illustrations in France during the 17th and 18th Century. More specifically, the paper will discuss how the fashion illustrations emerged and developed in France during this period. In the 17th Century, France was under the rule of Louis XIV, the Sun King; during this period, French fashion gained prominence as the leading fashion in almost the whole of Europe. This resulted from the fact that France had developed into a significant cultural as well as political power. As s uch, the fashion illustrations from France became an absolutistic regime. Based on the absolutistic ideal, French fashion became rigid from 1660 because of the strong and strict etiquette, which characterised the fashion illustrations. By the year 1670, French fashion illustrations spread all over Europe to the extent that royal fashion of France dictated the fashion illustrations in many parts of Europe. This made European rulers imitate the powerful Sun King and they lost diversities and national differences in fashion.

Crisis and Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Crisis and Expansion - Essay Example As a function of measuring this level of crisis and expansion that existed within this specific point in time, the following analysis will engage the reader with some key indications of this crisis and the means through which the expansion and challenges that face the United States allowed for these issues to be met. Is the further hope of this author that the reader will be able to gain a more informed and realistic understanding of the method through which these challenges and issues pertaining to expansion or not only able to define the era but also defined subsequent years and aid in the evolutionary progression of the society of the United States. Firstly, the element of expansion should not be ignored. Sadly, the rapid level of expansion that the United States experienced during the 19th century cannot be stated as an overall positive. The underlying reason for this has to do with the fact that literally tens of thousands of Native Americans were forcibly removed from the lands that they had traditionally lived upon, or had been promised by the United States government, and relocated to less desirable, oftentimes unlivable land beyond the realm of colonization. Concurrently, the states of Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada, Nebraska, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah were all added to the United States during the 19th century. As can clearly be seen, the addition of 29 states was able to drastically increase upon the natural resources, land, and population that the United States had to draw upon. The broad and massive territorial expansion and took place during the 19th century was one of the causal determinants for the creation of what is known as the â€Å"frontier culture†. This frontier culture have long reaching ramifications and many

Confucius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Confucius - Essay Example One such prominent leader was K’ung-fu-tzu ( Great Master Kong)? and to the world he is better known by his Latinized name? Confucius? Confucius? born in BC 551 in the Lu Province? was one of the greatest philosophers witnessed by the world and in particular China? He was also a teacher as well as a political theorist who founded his own system based on his thinking and philosophies? He is often paralleled with the Greek philosopher Socrates so it becomes clear how important and significant his teachings are? He was born a descendant of the Shang Dynasty and was also a member of the ruling clan? Shih? However his family was not one that had a lot of wealth under its name? His father was a petty official whose marriage did not end very well as he divorced his wife for bearing him only three daughters and a son who was disfigured? The father than married a fifteen year old girl and the great philosopher took birth? Confucius was forced into different kinds of labor like working as a keeper of the granary? supervising the fields etc mainly because he lost his father at an early age? Despite the fact that he was engaged in manual labor? he was more inclined towards the system of education? that is? learning as well as teaching? He was responsible for the school of thought known as ‘Confucianism?’ which believes that â€Å"familial relationships are the foundation for society† (McDevitt, p.46). Although Confucius is the father of this school of thought? he was not seen as the Lord or the Savior? he was just considered to be a ‘Sage teacher?’ Confucianism is not a religion that was founded by Confucian? rather it is â€Å"a tradition generally rooted in Chinese culture and nurtured† (An Introduction to Confucianism, p.17). by him and his disciples .Though he started out with working petty jobs? he gradually â€Å"rose through the administrative hierarchy† and around the time when he was 40 years old? he became â⠂¬Å"the prefect (Zai) and director of public works† (Huanyin,p.1). in Lu and began to spread Confucianism? He traveled to different provinces and began to inscribe in the minds of the audience his teachings and his wisdom in order to show the people the right path of life? He developed his teachings into a book during the later stages of his life when he returned to Lu and this collection of his philosophical thoughts and teachings came to be known as ‘analects?’ During the time he faced a lot of problems as his only son had passed away and so did a very loyal disciple of his? He was also deeply grieved by the fact the leaders of his own state would not accept his teachings? Confucius’ journey of life came to an end in 479 BCE and he was mourned by followers all over China. For any great leader to think and ponder deeply about particular things? there needs to be some sort of external stimulus that influences these thoughts? When does one actually think? Wh en he sees things around him that he fails to understand why they happen and also things that cause trouble than that make one happy? Needless to say? Confucius’ thinking was influenced by various external factors and experiences that he went through? Now in order to understand Confucianism, one needs to possess a clear knowledge about the political and historical context from which it has arisen. Throughout the history of China? it becomes clear that the country has witnessed the rise and fall of a lot of dynasties? some of which were more

The U.S. constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The U.S. constitution - Essay Example However it is important to consider that any amendments to the constitution should not be made too rapidly. For this reason any amendments to the constitution must follow a two stage process. First congress must propose the changes and then must be approved by the state legislatures. With all of this in consideration there have been changes to the U.S. constitution and as such one must consider what the overall function or role of the federal government was in the past and as it stands today. The interpretation of what the original framers of the U.S. Federal government intended has been a subject of debate for many different groups. However the overall outline of the federal government is laid out by the U.S. constitution. Originally, the role of the federal government very closely resembled the government as it stands today however it lacked the significant changes that come through the adoption of amendments. According to The United States National Archives (2011) the first major group amendments to the US Constitution is the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The next significant changes to the United States constitution and according to the National Archives (2011) came in a series of gradual amendments which highlighted 26 additions/modifications pertaining to a variety of subjects. Some examples include the 22nd amendment which put term limits on the presidency or the17th amendment which dictated that there will be two senators from each state elected by the people and each senator shall have one vote. The next issue that will be discussed is how the structures of the government (Federalism, Presidential system, etc.) existed in the past and compare that with the function today. According to the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum publication the current role of an American president/presidential system can be broken down into six roles (Chief of State, Chief Executive, Commander-In Chief, Chief Diplomat, Legislative Leader and Leader of His Po litical party). The interesting difference that can be drawn from these roles is that the original president (George Washington) had no political party. From this perspective this represents a fundamental difference between the original role of the President and the current role of the President. Moreover as the increasingly globalized economy the roles of the president as a chief diplomat would be greatly expanded insofar as this would require greater exposure to a larger number of nations. In the relationship of states with the Federal government there have been a number of significant changes such as the growth in the number of states (From the original thirteen to fifty). Moreover there has been an increasing interdependency between states facilitated through such additions as railways, federal highways, etc. The final issue that will be covered is the way in which the federal government guaranteed or didn’t guarantee civil rights and liberties then; and the way in which they guarantee or don't guarantee civil rights and liberties today. Probably the most significant mechanism that guarantees the rights of citizens would be the incorporation of the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution which ultimately became known as the Bill of rights. According to the United States National Archives (2011), the reasoning behind why this would be needed is largely owing to the fact that the original constitution did not lay out specifically what the

Japanese product Essay Example for Free

Japanese product Essay Historically, it would one impossible to conduct a discussion on the issue of American interest in the culture and society of Japan without mentioning World War Two. The conflict between the two nations during the 1940s forever linked each other as the landscape of the culture of modern Japan and the modern United States were shaped from the outcome of World War Two. In that regard, the histories of the two nations are forever interlocked. While one would assume that such an interlocking fusion would yield a negative, the reality is that the two countries eventually opened each others minds in terms of accepting each other. Granted, there are still obstacles present to understanding each other, but the acceptance and understanding between the two culture have been advanced do to eventual infusion of Japanese pop culture entertainment into the American conscious. Unfortunately, not all presentations of Japanese culture are presented with a clear understanding of the basics of Japanese societal structure. Any attempt to understand the Japanese must begin with their version of what it means to take ones proper station. Their reliance upon order and hierarchy and our faith in freedom and equality are poles apart and it is hard for us to give hierarchy its just due as a possible social mechanism. Japans confidence in hierarchy is basic in her whole notion of mans relation to his fellow man and of mans relation to the State and it is only by describing some of their national institutions like the family, the State, religious and economic life that it is possible for us to understand their view of life. (Benedict) A significant reason that Japanese culture has been embraced by those in the west centers on the fact that many people are exposed to Japanese pop culture when they are very young. The operative point here is that what people are exposed to are the more pop driven forms of Japanese entertainment. It is not the classics of Japanese cinema that helps to define a consciousness in the eyes of the public. Most people are not familiar with classic films such as YOJIMBO or GATE OF HELL of KWAIDAN. What people become familiar with are the various anime films, manga periodicals, etc. This is not because the public looks for lowbrow entertainment as much anime and manga output from Japan is very sophisticated in the storytelling techniques that are explored. Much of the reason that these forms of Japanese entertainment are so popular is that they utilize genres that â€Å"travel† well. In other words, regardless of which culture produces a horror comic, an action-adventure film, a sci-fi fantasy, very little is changed in terms of the way those types of genres are constructed. A comedy, however, centers far too much on a specific culture understanding of a particular humor to be effective. Since much of the output from Japan that reaches the United States borrows from genres that â€Å"travel† well, the ability for the American public to accept the Japanese product is maximized. (Actually, it is further maximized in light of the quality level of the writing that helps hook audiences) This does not mean, however, that there is a cohesion of understanding of the Japanese culture by the American audiences mainly because much of the homegrown American entertainment that uses Japan as a backdrop generally offers a very stereotyped image of Japanese society designed to be ‘swallowed’ by an American audience that has very limited knowledge of the actual culture. This can be viewed in such films as LOST IN TRANSLATION and the landmark film (in terms of providing a skewed insight into Japanese culture) BLACK RAIN. This is not to say that the purpose of BLACK RAIN was to present an inaccurate depiction of Japanese people. What the purpose of BLACK RAIN was, on a deeper level, was to provide a complicated scenario for the Michael Douglas character to overcome the obstacles in his way in order to achieve his goal of capturing the villain. The obstacles in BLACK RAIN, however, are fairly insurmountable: he is a stranger in a strange land who has difficulty functioning on his own and is forced to put his stubbornness and his prejudices aside so that he can bond with a Japanese police officer in order to achieve his objective. The character that Michael Douglas plays, however, is a complicated corrupt loner who is his own worst enemy. He is distrustful and keeps people at arms length. By being forced to accept help from these people who he has nothing in common with, he is able to ultimately grow as a person. Like the character Michael Douglas plays, Japanese culture is ripe with complexity. The culture is different and the way people interact with each other in Japan is far different that the way people interact with each other in the United States. While BLACK RAIN does shows these differences, it does not go beyond the surface value of the differences to provide a more complex side of the Japanese. As such, the Japanese characters often appear one dimensional and border on stereotypes.

Abortion Essay Introduction Essay Example for Free

Abortion Essay Introduction Essay Termination of fetus before death of the child can be defined as Pro-abortion. In the case of Roe Vs Wade, the Supreme Court had given its decision allowing the abortions in the first six months of pregnancy of period. Pro-abortion is a right of the women. The abortion is legalized from January 22, 1973 in all fifty states of Unites States. The Rose Vs Wade is foundation for pro-abortion in United States. The women rights groups and pro-abortion supporters welcomed the decision. But some of the opponents started the pro-life movement demanding abortion restrictions. Before 1973 abortion is not subject to United States constitution law. It was the matter for the individual states. So abortion was illegal if it is made after four months of pregnancy. Due to the efforts of American Medical Association anti-abortion laws have been come into force around 1900. Â  With the familiar case of Roe Vs Wade where a woman challenged the Texas laws, the U.S.Supreme Court made the following conclusions: 1. The abortion law not belongs to state issue and it is subject to Constitution of United States i.e. federal constitutional law. 2. The procurement of abortion was a constitutional right. Previous to the Roe Vs Wade, majority states in the United States of America prohibited the abortion with an exception when the life of women in threat. But the Supreme Court allowed in the case of Roe Vs Wade that woman has constitutional right for the pro abortion of first six of pregnancy. The pro-abortion would be safer and involve less complication. It is noticed that at about 89% abortions performed in the United States during 1995. All such abortions under taken in the early stage only i.e. with in the first 12-13 weeks after the last menstrual period. Since early days, the abortion was illegal and it is recommended only when life of mother is in danger. Later on the legislation developed as woman has constitutional right for the abortion of first six months of pregnancy. Accordingly the Supreme Court also given judgment stating that States could restrict the abortions of last 3 months of pregnancy. Here the last 3 months period is crucial stage, where the life fetus will be developed.

Urban design and Cites

Urban design and Cites How cities be improved by urban design? Comment on the difficult of new project. ABSTRACT In this essay I will look at the ways in which urban design might be useful by pre-existing cities in an effort to improve functionality, sustainability and the general living experience for city residents. I will focus on the need for quality in urban planning and design, looking at ways in which planning and design must be integrated as a creative and utilitarian process, not ignoring the end goal of regenerating urban space and improving living conditions and the different between traditionalism and modernism. I will examine the theory of ‘cities of tomorrow, exploring the ways in which previous generations have planned for the future through urban design, and also study the developments being made by todays planners and designers to prepare for a new futuristic movement in architecture and design. In order to combat the mistakes of the past and the potential for failings in the future I will look at confusion in urban design, described by Lang as originating from three disciplines working in an unorganized and competitions fashion. In the final section of this essay I will examine the theory of sustainability, and the ways in which planning and design strategies are being created around the need for sustainable urban regeneration, particularly in older cities where resources and space may be limited. It is in these areas where successful urban design will provide the most benefits, building on the foundations of pre-existing developed land and incorporating the design and planning knowledge of the past with that of today. The Problem Urban design is a term focuses on improvement of environment physically, and later in implementation it focuses on managing the development (private) by planning schemes and different legal development controls. The question arises how cities can be improved through urban design? The cities can be established in terms of economic patterns, land use and development, environmental perfection and in the quality of life. Economic Research predicts that the people who want to purchase houses are will to pay more if the neighborhood is more pedestrian oriented. A survey of Americans was taken which elaborates the people are concern with sidewalks and areas to walk and exercise for fun is important to almost 79 percent and very important 44 percent. (Belden, Russonello and Stewart). The informative and service providing essence of the new economy flourishes the network, creates accessibility and the creativity that the pedestrian oriented communities have a tendency to develop. (Ryan). It was founded by the American Economic Review that by doubling the population density, a 6 percent of productivity can be improved thought out the remaining estate. A good urban design also has the influence on trade and local economies. Planners make every effort for walk able place for pedestrians. There should be specified routes and wider areas for consumers rather than having broad roads and narrow walk able passages. The less traffic and its slow pace the commercial area will be more visible to the customers from which more business can be encouraged. The more the people are on streets the more the local business will be served. The study of most of the 22 U.S cities indicates that administrations have started their multi lane traffic in order to slowdown the pace of traffic through which pedestrian feel more comfortable, business activities are improved, more investments on the street. However a protective environment will be created with the improved livability, attraction and a sense of society. (Victoria Transport Policy Institute). Land Use and Development The experts have suggested that the traditional theories of urban design have precious benefits for good urban design such as mass transit, intensive land uses or vertical growth and mixed land use development. They also suggest that green belts are positive areas in residential development to avoid environmental pollution. According to the most of scholars horizontal expansion of the cities should be avoided to decrease the cost of living. Environmental It has been believed that there are not direct advantages of environment from the improvement of urban design. However it is noteworthy that by designing a city in a compact form avoids the environmental pollution or CO2 generated by a large number of vehicles. (Ewing et al). Many studies have been done on environmental pollution or generation of green house gases which can create problems within horizontal extension of cities due to a large number of traffic. According to the study in California by improving the compact design of a city reduced 20 percent less emission per household compared with household in suburbs.(Cervero) One of the key components is the drainage system of the city. Urban design economizes its cost through the compact development. The studies in New Jersey suggested that 30 percent reduction in runoff and 83 percent water utilization can be reduced through the compact development compared to the traditional suburban development. Quality of Life The core importance of urban design is to improve the quality of lifestyle. The economic growth and environmental perfection is useless unless people are facilitated. The modern urban design flourishes the standards of living. Compact development beautifies the societies through walkable neighborhood and the set up of green places. The smart growth movement emerged in the USA in the mid 1990s. Major principles of smart growth were mix land uses, take advantage of compact building design, create a range of housing opportunities and choices attractive communities with a strong sense of place, provide variety of transport choices preserve open space, form land, natural beauty and critical environmental areas make development decisions predictable, fare and cost-effective. Smart growth is concerned to protect land from (premature) development and promote development in desired directions. (Michael Pacione) Second question arises that what hindrances will be faced in order to implement a new urban design? Functional Integration or Mixed Used Development Functional Integration or Mixed Used Development is an anchor of new town building. Duany et al in this book Suburban Nation advice developers to build corner stores within every new neighborhood this can lead to even more retail development that is well connected to the rest of the neighborhood. The idea of mixed land use is an idealistic situation which will not be appropriate. In addition to functional integration they note more socio-economic and life-cycle integration by encouraging the mixture of income levels and generations in their neighborhoods. High Density in the Central City The suggestion of compact development may create traffic congestion and high density of population near commercial zones. Economic Constraints The development programs require a large space of land; the modern urban design can be too expensive to most of the developers. The degree of such programs is sensitive to the market conditions that can not give developers less priority to the design principles according to New Urbanism professionals. Zoning Another barrier to a modern urban design is to confront zoning. Zoning is simply the establishment of district that permits on specified types of land use. It became the best, most politically attractive way to control nuisances and to maintain the property values. In contrast the modernization in urban design encourages integrated land uses. Background to the Problem Urban design has rich history, dating back to the ancient Greeks. It was Hippodamus who introduced the idea that settlements could be designed in a rationale and orderly way. Of course such sentiments did not always lead to ordered communities. Some communities were exceptionally well ordered often a long cosmological line, with the city being setup as a microcosm of heaven on earth, with particular attention paid to the orientation of the structures within the city and to the city itself. Urban design can be well thought-out as branch of the wider field of urban planning. Professional planning began to take form in the late 19th Century, as urban areas grew larger and more complex. By the early 20th century, planning moved away from the ideals of a few charismatic visionaries towards the practice of a cadre of dedicated and certified professionals. Today planning is carried out by many people who would not necessarily be considered professional planners. Professional planning has evolved as means to add rational thought, methods and experience to the process. Changes in urban form over time, from pre-industrial to post industrial/ post modern cities, have been accompanied by change in the dominant form of architecture. Research Design The devised research design for the above study is: 1. To collect data by primary and secondary sources. 2. To analyze data by using qualitative and quantitative methods 3. To review existing literature related to the study. 4. To look at the ways in which urban design might be useful by pre-existing cities in an effort to improve functionality, sustainability and the general living experience for city residents. 5. To focus on the need for quality in urban planning and design, looking at ways in which planning and design must be integrated as a creative and utilitarian process, not ignoring the end goal of regenerating urban space and improving living conditions and the different between traditionalism and modernism 6. To examine the theory of ‘cities of tomorrow, exploring the ways in which previous generations have planned for the future through urban design 7. To study the developments being made by todays planners and designers to prepare for a new futuristic movement in architecture and design. 8. To look at confusion in urban design, described by Lang in order to combat the mistakes of the past and the potential for failings in the future as originating from three disciplines working in an unorganized and competitions fashion. 9. To examine the theory of sustainability, and the ways in which planning and design strategies are being created around the need for sustainable urban regeneration, particularly in older cities where resources and space may be limited. It is in these areas where successful urban design will provide the most benefits, building on the foundations of pre-existing developed land and incorporating the design and planning knowledge of the past with that of today. Expected Results Expected results will be relied on the Langs theory of Distributing Responsibilities thought which complexity in urban design can be resolved. According to him the cities of tomorrow would be the combined effort of different specializations like geographers for site selection, engineers, architects, developers and planners which will accompanied by the sustainable growth in each sector. References Kaplan David H., Wheeler James O., Holloway Steven R., 2004, Urban Geography, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Goto 2040 [online] Hell, Peter,1932. Cities of tomorrow. Lang, J., 2005. Urban design: a typology of procedures and products. Michael P., 2005, Urban Geography: A Global Perspective, Taylor Francis Group, Routledge. Quality in Urban Planning and Design (Conference : 1977 : London). Ratcliffe, J., Stubbs, M. Shepherd, M., 2004. Urban planning and real estate development.

manic depression Essay -- essays research papers

MANIC DEPRESSION Estimates say that about 2 and a half million Americans suffer from manic depressive illness. Also called bipolar disorder, this mental illness involves episodes in which a persons mood alternates between extreme mania and depression. A person may experience pressure and racing thoughts and speech, and often uncontrolled reckless behavior. Two thirds of those who suffer from bipolar illness have numerous episodes of recurrences of alternating phases. Most people suffering from manic depressive illness experience extreme cases of up and Dow emotion. Studies say manic depression is one of the most understudied psychiatric illnesses. Bipolar disorder is much less common than depression. atleast 8 percent of people experience depression within their lives. bipolar disorder affects men and women almost equally, and is most common amongst upper economic classes. 15 percent of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide. research shows that highly creative people such as artists, composers , writers, and poets, show usually high rates of bipolar disorder. Their periods of mania is said to fuel their creativity. Bipolar disorder usually begins in a persons late teens early twenties. Men usually experience mania as the first mood episode, where as women usually experience depression first. episodes of mania and depression usually last from several weeks to several months. In most cases swings between mania and depression occur within days. In other cases a person may experience major depression and minor mania. Mania and depression may also follow patterns of seasons. Mania in the winter and fall and depression in summer and spring. People suffering from bipolar disorder feel indifferent to work and have no desire to do anything constructive. They think slow, concentrate poorly, feel tired, and experience changes, usually an increase in appetite and sleep. They often feel a sense of worthlessness and helplessness. In some cases a person may feel pessimistic about the future and may attempt suicide. a patient may all experience delusions and hallucinations. In the manic phase people feel intensely and inappropriately happy, self important and irritable. During this state a person becomes highly energized and sleeps less, talking in rapid fire speech often going off in all directions. They have inflated confidence and unfounded self esteem. Man... ... symptoms become extreme or dangerous. experts say causes can be fights between spouses or loss of sleep. A patient most likely will still suffer from some symptoms even if they follow the exact order of medicine. This illness has no cure. Doctors also have not figured out what causes bipolar disorder. Allot of patients find comfort in talking to other patients about their illness. This allows the patients to find a common bond with another person. Giving the patient the comfort of knowing someone else is going through the same thing if not worse. hospitals offer many support groups for manic depressive people. Stress is said to be the biggest cause of mania and depression occurances. Therapy is supposed to reduce a persons feeling of stress. Manic depression research as come a long way since it was first discovered. It still remains though one of the most understudied psychiatric disorders. Millions of people a year suffer from this diease. It can result in suicide, drug abuse, and unprotected sex. This illness deserves more attention then it is receiving. I feel we as a nation should address the on going rise of suicides as a cause of one form or another of manic depression.

Abortion And The Mentally Handicapped :: essays research papers

Ms. Smith,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We of the Ethics Committee have reviewed your case for an extended period of time. We took into consideration, for our decision, the yearn of any female to experience childbearing, child birth, and the joy of raising young. Being a mother is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and once you become a mother you are a mother for life. There is a tremendous amount of responsibility and work that goes along with having children. We understand your desire to continue the pregnancy, and to keep the child, but due to your legal status, mental health, and the baby's well being, the decision to terminate the pregnancy has been reached and voted for unanimously.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your mother has proper legal custody, and as you know, wants the abortion to take place. We agree with her concern for your well-being. Child birth is an extremely stressful situation. The trauma of the pregnancy could intensify your paranoid schizophrenia, or cause some other mental disorder. Mrs. Smith has informed us that she herself is not capable of caring for the child. We feel that you will suffer further if you are forced to give up the child. Your psychiatrist has come to the conclusion that you are not capable of being a responsible parent, but you are, at times, capable of making rational moral decisions. However, because you are not able to make important, rational, moral decisions most of the time your mother can claim that you are not mentally capable of raising a child. Also. We took in to account that the father of this unborn child is unknown. There is no one to help you make this decision, but more importantly, there is not another parental figure to aid in the raising and caring for this child. From testimonies from your mother and your psychiatrist, it is our understanding that you can do neither on your own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ms. Smith, you have been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. As you know, the treatment for paranoid schizophrenia is a variety of different drugs. This gives you a slightly higher chance of having fetal defects such as cystic fibrosis, pulmonary emphysema, abruptioplacentae, miscarriage, or placenta previa to name a few. We also feel that there is an increased chance that the child will develop a mental disorder. It is not fair for the child or its' care takers to suffer from deformities that were caused from drug reactions. You must understand our position in caring for the physical health and safety of this child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You will not be able to provide for the child, because you have no annual income. Abortion And The Mentally Handicapped :: essays research papers Ms. Smith,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We of the Ethics Committee have reviewed your case for an extended period of time. We took into consideration, for our decision, the yearn of any female to experience childbearing, child birth, and the joy of raising young. Being a mother is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and once you become a mother you are a mother for life. There is a tremendous amount of responsibility and work that goes along with having children. We understand your desire to continue the pregnancy, and to keep the child, but due to your legal status, mental health, and the baby's well being, the decision to terminate the pregnancy has been reached and voted for unanimously.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your mother has proper legal custody, and as you know, wants the abortion to take place. We agree with her concern for your well-being. Child birth is an extremely stressful situation. The trauma of the pregnancy could intensify your paranoid schizophrenia, or cause some other mental disorder. Mrs. Smith has informed us that she herself is not capable of caring for the child. We feel that you will suffer further if you are forced to give up the child. Your psychiatrist has come to the conclusion that you are not capable of being a responsible parent, but you are, at times, capable of making rational moral decisions. However, because you are not able to make important, rational, moral decisions most of the time your mother can claim that you are not mentally capable of raising a child. Also. We took in to account that the father of this unborn child is unknown. There is no one to help you make this decision, but more importantly, there is not another parental figure to aid in the raising and caring for this child. From testimonies from your mother and your psychiatrist, it is our understanding that you can do neither on your own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ms. Smith, you have been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. As you know, the treatment for paranoid schizophrenia is a variety of different drugs. This gives you a slightly higher chance of having fetal defects such as cystic fibrosis, pulmonary emphysema, abruptioplacentae, miscarriage, or placenta previa to name a few. We also feel that there is an increased chance that the child will develop a mental disorder. It is not fair for the child or its' care takers to suffer from deformities that were caused from drug reactions. You must understand our position in caring for the physical health and safety of this child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You will not be able to provide for the child, because you have no annual income.

AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, better known as AIDS, is caused by the incurable HIV virus. AIDS is a deadly disease that deteriorates the immune system. There are two groups of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), HIV-1 that occurs throughout the world and HIV-2 that mainly occurs in Africa. The HIV virus enters the white blood cells and takes over the reproductive system of that cell and uses the system to reproduce itself. The white blood cell dies and the new HIV cells infect other white blood cells and repeat the process. If you have become infected with the AIDS disease you may not have any symptoms of the for the next ten years. The AIDS disease makes the less serious conditions harder for your body to control or get rid of because of the loss of many of the white blood cells in your body. The most common causes of death for the people with AIDS are pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma, which afflict 70% of the infected people. AIDS is transmitted in three ways. Intimate s exual contact is the most common. While direct contact with infected blood and transactions to babies from the infected mother's fetus will also cause the disease. Although some speculation, you cannot receive the disease from air, food, water, or insects. AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is a sentence of slow but inevitable death. There currently is no cure or vaccine for this disease. There are drugs that have been proven effective in slowing the spread of this deadly disease. We know enough about how the infection is transmitted to protect ourselves from it. But too few people are hearing the AIDS message. Perhaps many simply don't like or want to believe what they hear, preferring to think that AIDS "can't happen to them.

Fastest Way To Cool A Soda

The fastest way to cool a soda deals a lot with heat transfer. Heat is a measure of the average molecular motion of matter and can be transferred from one piece of matter to another in four different ways which are conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. (Tania Dakka) In the experiment the different levels of the independent variable include a cooler with ice, another with ice and water, one with water ice and salt, the refrigerator, and the freezer.Prior research has been done on this subject by Andrew Olson who has a Ph. D and tested with the refrigerator and freezer. From earlier researchers, facts show that in both the freezer and refrigerator, cold air is removing heat from the room-temperature soda can by convection. Convection is the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which results in transfer of heat.  (Weather Questions)In this ex periment, when immersing a can of soda in a cold liquid, it is okay to expect that a much greater number of molecular interactions would result and data would show whether the soda will cool off faster. In the experiment the dependent variable is the the temperature of the soda over different periods of time. We plan on taking the temperature (C ) of the soda in each of the different independent variables after 20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes.Also, the salt in the salt water, lowers the freezing point of the water, allowing the ice in the ice bath to melt while still retaining its temperature. (Education) This makes the chilly water in the ice bath even colder. By conducting the experiment the heat should transfer from the soda to one of the levels of the independent variable and the data should help support convection in hope to learn which one is the fastest way to cool the soda. Fastest Way to Cool a Soda The fastest way to cool a soda deals a lot with heat transfer. Heat is a measure of the average molecular motion of matter and can be transferred from one piece of matter to another in four different ways which are conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. (Tania Dakka) In the experiment the different levels of the independent variable include a cooler with ice, another with ice and water, one with water ice and salt, the refrigerator, and the freezer.Prior research has been done on this subject by Andrew Olson who has a Ph. D and tested with the refrigerator and freezer. From earlier researchers, facts show that in both the freezer and refrigerator, cold air is removing heat from the room-temperature soda can by convection. Convection is the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which results in transfer of heat.  (Weather Questions)In this ex periment, when immersing a can of soda in a cold liquid, it is okay to expect that a much greater number of molecular interactions would result and data would show whether the soda will cool off faster. In the experiment the dependent variable is the the temperature of the soda over different periods of time. We plan on taking the temperature (C ) of the soda in each of the different independent variables after 20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes.Also, the salt in the salt water, lowers the freezing point of the water, allowing the ice in the ice bath to melt while still retaining its temperature. (Education) This makes the chilly water in the ice bath even colder. By conducting the experiment the heat should transfer from the soda to one of the levels of the independent variable and the data should help support convection in hope to learn which one is the fastest way to cool the soda.

Event Planning and Management

Thinking about who will be there, what the environment will feel like, the food hat will be catered, the activities that will go on, and the souvenirs are all part of what gets an event planner excited when creating events. Lights, camera, action! The pharmaceutical company Is excited to host an event providing to their customers. The anticipation will be built by making fliers, making invitations, posting online, and of course, word of mouth. The first time the event becomes Justas thought is probably almost Just as excellent as when the event Is actually happening.It creates imagination and hope for the exact image of what the event is going to look like. The pharmaceutical company is looking forward to targeting out to those who are in the medical fled or at least have Interest In the medical field so these people can network with one another. The start of the planning will be the most fun and most stressful time as the company will need to look into the budgeting and participatio n of the event. Dealing with the event Itself Is one thing. But dealing with the people of the event is another.It is important to look into where the attendees will park, the cost of the parking, and how to deal with the entrance and exit traffic. The hermetically company will have to get together with a parking company. When the guests arrive, the flow of them entering the event will be an issue as well, so it will be important for someone to control the flow of arrival. We would like the atmosphere of this event to be casual for the guests to feel comfortable enough to speak with one another without feeling too awkward.The temperature of the room will lean towards on the cooler side so it will allow the guests to walk around a lot and not sit down too much. Temperature affects what a person feels like doling_ If It Is too hot or too cold, nobody wants to be there. However, if it is too comfortable, no one would want to do anything. A nice chill breeze would motivate the guests to want to get up and participate In activities. The food and beverage that will be catered out to this event would be cocktails and small appetizer in which the servers would be walking around servings to the guests.If it were a sit down plated entree, it wouldn't allow the guests to Interact much with everyone. Of course, there would be enough tables and chairs for all guests to sit down, relax and have good conversation with one another. It is never fun to have an event full of strangers and having the host of the vent create awkward Ice breakers. The important part of an event Is the connection strangers have with one another after attending the event by sharing a common ground.As for the pharmaceutical company, the best type of activity for the attendees and their guests Is to have slideshows of what their company Is about, raffles, trivia questions pertaining to the medical field, a comedic emcee, and a mingle hour, In which the guests will have a chance to talk to each other an d ask another, perhaps sometime in the middle of the event, a dance session with a DC would be fun and appropriate. The show is over and now it is time to thank the guests and have them remember this special event.A photo booth will be located inside the venue having costumes and accessories to wear so the guests can have fun with the pictures. Aside from pictures, memorable mugs and water bottles with the logo of the company will be printed on the outside will be given out to every guest attended. Since the importance of the event is for the guests share their experiences, the six â€Å"As† are all important and crucial for this event. The eagerness of the pharmacists, their customers, and guests, the flow of the traffic of the event, the environment, the food, the entertainment, and the gifts.These are the crucial aspects of the event and allows the guests to look back and remember this certain day. Professional events are Just like any other social gathering, yet there are special procedures to keep in mind. Event coordination is a core competency required for professional event management. This presentation examines the techniques and procedures required for producing a successful and sustainable event. This paper will help you determine the needs and resources of an event and implement the logistics and operational procedures to ensure a safe and enjoyable event experience for all in attendance.In addition, the information may ensure repeat business with the same happy client. It helps greatly to enlist the services of a professional event coordinator. Professional event coordination is the integrated implementation of all the operational and logistical requirements of an event, based on the scope of event elements included in the event design. It is the Job of the professional event coordinator to package and manage that event experience. But how does one decide on the appropriate coordinator to help with the party at your business?Fortunately, th ere are many reliable and licensed professional event ordinate's likely very close to your home or business. There are numerous ways to approach the details inherent in a professional event that allow the professional event coordinator to ensure that attention is given to the entire scope of the event and that it is structured and thorough. One resource is a framework for the Event Management Body of Knowledge, the International EMBODY Model, devised by a coalition of experts in event management (www. Embody. Org).This framework includes a definition of the phases, processes, and core values of event management, as well s the functional areas and categories to which these are applied. It is the functional domains that provide a systematic and comprehensive approach to the responsibilities and opportunities associated with professional event coordination. Some of the key areas for a particular event include administration, or the financial, human resources, information, procurement, stakeholder, systems, and time management necessary for the party.In addition, design is also crucial. This entails the content, entertainment, environment, food and beverages that are available, production, program, and theme development and management. Next, the coordinator will need to keep a keen eye on marketing for the event, including the plans, materials, merchandise, promotions, public relations, sales, and sponsorship (donor) management for the venue. This can also lead to the important area of operations, or attention to the appropriate attendees, communications, the event.And lastly, the leader will need to be cognizant of all the applicable risks inherent in producing an event of the scope you are planning, such as the requisite compliance, decision, emergency, health and safety, insurance, legal, and security management. If, for example, an event planner were preparing a party for a work function at a local pharmaceutical company private after-hours party for group of 200 important customers, they would need to take into consideration all of the points raised above.If the pharmaceutical company wanted to highlight certain elements of local design and regional pain to the party, this may include a detailed discussion with the party event coordinator. For instance, if the Corporation were located in the southwest of the United States, they can hold their event at a popular museum located in the area. Furthermore, they could feature delicacies that speak to the regional Tex-Mix flare. Next, the event coordinator will need to prepare a proposal for your event.This must take in to consideration the various elements that make up a successful party plan. These need to incorporate the six established guidelines for party functions, including anticipation, arrival, atmosphere, activity, appetite, and amenities. Collectively, these are known as the 6 As of a successful event. We will approach each one in turn. The first is the anticipation of the event. It is human nature to want something to look forward to. The first dimension of the event experience is the anticipation created with the announcement of the event.You might create the foundation for an entire marketing strategy, such as with an incentive program, or set the stage for a spectator spectacle such as an entertainment or sports event. You are thereby establishing expectations and building excitement for the event through the initial communications. The invitations, notices, brochures, publicity, advertising, and/or promotions that will create this anticipation must be planned from the very inception of the event and incorporated into the budget and the timeline.These materials must be designed to prepare the individual for the event experience. They must be timed appropriately to reach the recipient in enough time to inform, yet should not be so early that the anticipation wanes. Sometimes numerous impressions will be required to build and sustain anticipation. When the c oordinator is through with her plan for the party, your guests will be chomping at the bit to attend the big party! Next, you will need to be prepared for all the guests to arrive at your fun event. The Journey begins the moment the decision is made to attend an event.Plans are armed, tickets are purchased, reservations are made, schedules are established, and hundreds of other personal and professional details are put in motion in order for the attendee to arrive at the right time and place for the event. As the professional event coordinator, you may or may not be responsible for arranging such details for the attendee or guest, but you should consider all these aspects to determine what you can do to facilitate the logistics of the arrival. Plans should be put in place to help facilitate the arrival of your guests.This includes transportation from their home location to the destination of the party. This should also incorporate information for any attendees who may be traveling f rom a course you Just want to feel welcome as they reach their destination and as you your responsibility to make them feel as comfortable as possible. Many aspects of a frustrating travel experience could be mitigated with a warm welcome that redefines that first impression. This can include anything from welcome signs and personnel at the airport and banners around town to a welcome basket in a guest's hotel room.You want to communicate that the travelers are in the right place and you are glad they are here. In addition, there should be plenty of easily read signs to help your guests noted then arrived at the correct location. Creation of welcoming entrances is also helpful to keep your guests on the right track. Next, you will want to consider helping your attendees navigate the party location and area. This is all part of a successful atmosphere for your party. The atmosphere of an event relies on the physical environment, both inherent in and imposed on the venue or event site .Each component of the physical site, from theme dcore and props to the location of the toilet facilities, will have an impact on the experience and alp your attendees feel right at home while they are visiting with you (Allen, 2009). Next, you want to be sure to have ample and appropriate events planned as activities at your event. It may be as simple as conversation with fellow guests or as complex as a showy multimedia production incorporating music, dancing, laser shows, ceremonies, and interactive demonstrations.It may be passive, with the attendees or guests as spectators, or it may be active, with the guests participating in the action. The task for the professional event coordinator is to incorporate and hieroglyph the appropriate activities so they increase the value of the event experience. Whatever the case, it is crucial to have exciting plans the guest to participate in all at your party. Of course, your guests are going to want to eat something while they attend your e vent. Food service must be incorporated into the event plan so that it meets the needs of the guests and serves the purpose of the event.It should never be an afterthought. Consider the comment of a disgruntled guest leaving a hospitality reception after seeing the long lines at the buffet: â€Å"Even free food is only worth so such. † Different guests will have different requirements as far as their dietary needs. It is the responsibility of the event coordinator to determine these needs well beforehand and make sure they are fully met at the party. Finally, you have presented a great party and the event has been an overwhelming success! Once the event is over, all that is left are the memories.These memories can be enhanced through the employment of layers of detail and numerous tokens of acknowledgment and appreciation. These details do not necessarily need to be costly; they Just need to be thoughtful. These are the niceties and features of the event experience that add t o the comfort of the guest and provide a physical reminder of the great time that they had at the event. Congratulations on a Job well done! Keep in mind that hiring a company for your party services may appear like sound advice, but it's almost as easy to underestimate how professional staff can undermine the intimacy and rapport of a party.It may be irrational, but it's hard to fight against human nature and some guests wont be able to maintain the same type throughout the room. For events where intimacy is an important component of the verbal ambiance, a professional party planner is an incredible resource to minimize the intrusion of commonplace party chores (Pickett, 2012). As you are such a success at your last party, many local individuals are interested in contacting you for your services. Your reputation as even caught the eye of your town's mayor.This elected official wishes to use your services impressive investiture ceremony and inaugural ball six weeks from now. Given w hat you have learned from your last event, you're sure that you will be able to provide an exciting an innovative plan to celebrate the mayor's recent election victory. We will need to revisit the 6 As from the last event to help us plan the party. Remember that the first area for a successful event is always anticipation. As mentioned previously, this includes providing buzz for your event and sending out appropriate invitations to those on the guest list.The mayor wishes to incorporate his campaign issues of supporting youth programs, strong law enforcement, and certainly, we can help him with that agenda. It may make sense to offer but representatives from the local youth programs also attend the event. You may also ask them to bring banners or posters the highlight the points of their youth orgasm. This can also help reminded voters your attention to the local community and the mayor's support for community pride. As your guests arrive at the event, you will want to repeat the s uccess of your last party.This may include facilitating their transportation to and from the event site, as well as arranging accommodations for any out-of-town attendees. An elegant welcoming sign is an excellent way to show your guests that they are appreciated and welcome at your fancy event. You may also want to position the mayor at the entrance your party to shake hands with notable high profile guests that have chosen o attend. The next step is to coordinate the atmosphere of your party. Here is a place for you to really shine. You may choose to set up clearly labeled photographs of the law enforcement from your local area.These photographs can highlight some of their exceptional work and dedication service to help your town. As before, you can include members of local law enforcement to attend the party as well. They will be able to provide a visual example how the Mayor supports the police in his given community. Now, as we considered previously, your guests may want to hav e delicious food and drink to enjoy at the party. This is an exceptional way to highlight several local and communication favorites to help with the catering.

Deception Point Page 39

â€Å"My source is not your concern. But if you spend some time studying these figures, you will clearly see that Senator Sexton does not have the kind of money he is currently spending. After Katherine died, he squandered the vast majority of her legacy on bad investments, personal comforts, and buying himself what appears to be certain victory in the primaries. As of six months ago, your candidate was broke.† Gabrielle sensed this had to be a bluff. If Sexton were broke, he sure wasn't acting it. He was buying advertising time in bigger and bigger blocks every week. â€Å"Your candidate,† Tench continued, â€Å"is currently outspending the President four to one. And he has no personal money.† â€Å"We get a lot of donations.† â€Å"Yes, some of them legal.† Gabrielle's head shot up. â€Å"I beg your pardon?† Tench leaned across the desk, and Gabrielle could smell her nicotine breath. â€Å"Gabrielle Ashe, I am going to ask you a question, and I suggest you think very carefully before you answer. It could affect whether you spend the next few years in jail or not. Are you aware that Senator Sexton is accepting enormous illegal campaign bribes from aerospace companies who have billions to gain from the privatization of NASA?† Gabrielle stared. â€Å"That's an absurd allegation!† â€Å"Are you saying you are unaware of this activity?† â€Å"I think I would know if the senator were accepting bribes of the magnitude you are suggesting.† Tench smiled coldly. â€Å"Gabrielle, I understand that Senator Sexton has shared a lot of himself with you, but I assure you there is plenty you do not know about the man.† Gabrielle stood up. â€Å"This meeting is over.† â€Å"On the contrary,† Tench said, removing the remaining contents of the folder and spreading it on the desk. â€Å"This meeting is just beginning.† 44 Inside the habisphere's â€Å"staging room,† Rachel Sexton felt like an astronaut as she slid into one of NASA's Mark IX microclimate survival suits. The black, one-piece, hooded jumpsuit resembled an inflatable scuba suit. Its two-ply, memory-foam fabric was fitted with hollow channels through which a dense gel was pumped to help the wearer regulate body temperature in both hot and cold environments. Now, as Rachel pulled the tight-fitting hood over her head, her eyes fell on the NASA administrator. He appeared as a silent sentinel at the door, clearly displeased with the necessity for this little mission. Norah Mangor was muttering obscenities as she got everyone outfitted. â€Å"Here's an extra pudgy,† she said, tossing Corky his suit. Tolland was already half into his. Once Rachel was fully zipped up, Norah found the stopcock on Rachel's side and connected her to an infusion tube that coiled out of a silver canister resembling a large scuba tank. â€Å"Inhale,† Norah said, opening the valve. Rachel heard a hiss and felt gel being injected into the suit. The memory foam expanded, and the suit compressed around her, pressing down on her inner layer of clothing. The sensation reminded her of sticking her hand underwater while wearing a rubber glove. As the hood inflated around her head, it pressed in on her ears, making everything sound muffled. I'm in a cocoon. â€Å"Best thing about the Mark IX,† Norah said, â€Å"is the padding. You can fall on your ass and not feel a thing.† Rachel believed it. She felt like she was trapped inside a mattress. Norah handed Rachel a series of tools-an ice ax, tether snaps, and carabiners, which she affixed to the belt harnessed on Rachel's waist. â€Å"All this?† Rachel asked, eyeing the gear. â€Å"To go two hundred yards?† Norah's eyes narrowed. â€Å"You want to come or not?† Tolland gave Rachel a reassuring nod. â€Å"Norah's just being careful.† Corky connected to the infusion tank and inflated his suit, looking amused. â€Å"I feel like I'm wearing a giant condom.† Norah gave a disgusted groan. â€Å"Like you'd know, virgin boy.† Tolland sat down next to Rachel. He gave her a weak smile as she donned her heavy boots and crampons. â€Å"You sure you want to come?† His eyes had a protective concern that drew her in. Rachel hoped her confident nod belied her growing trepidation. Two hundred yards†¦ not far at all. â€Å"And you thought you could find excitement only on the high seas.† Tolland chuckled, talking as he attached his own crampons. â€Å"I've decided I like liquid water much better than this frozen stuff.† â€Å"I've never been a big fan of either,† Rachel said. â€Å"I fell through the ice as a kid. Water's made me nervous ever since.† Tolland glanced over, his eyes sympathetic. â€Å"Sorry to hear that. When this is over, you'll have to come out and visit me on the Goya. I'll change your mind about water. Promise.† The invitation surprised her. The Goya was Tolland's research ship-well-known both from its role in Amazing Seas as well as its reputation as one of the strangest-looking ships on the ocean. Although a visit to the Goya would be unnerving for Rachel, she knew it would be hard to pass up. â€Å"She's anchored twelve miles off the coast of New Jersey at the moment,† Tolland said, struggling with his crampon latches. â€Å"Sounds like an unlikely spot.† â€Å"Not at all. The Atlantic seaboard is an incredible place. We were gearing up to shoot a new documentary when I was so rudely interrupted by the President.† Rachel laughed. â€Å"Shooting a documentary on what?† â€Å"Sphyrna mokarran and megaplumes.† Rachel frowned. â€Å"Glad I asked.† Tolland finished attaching his crampons and looked up. â€Å"Seriously, I'll be filming out there for a couple weeks. Washington's not that far from the Jersey coast. Come out when you get back home. No reason to spend your life afraid of the water. My crew would roll out the red carpet for you.† Norah Mangor's voice blared. â€Å"Are we going outside, or should I get you two some candles and champagne?† 45 Gabrielle Ashe had no idea what to make of the documents now spread out before her on Marjorie Tench's desk. The pile included photocopied letters, faxes, transcripts of phone conversations, and they all seemed to support the allegation that Senator Sexton was in covert dialogue with private space companies. Tench pushed a couple of grainy black-and-white photographs toward Gabrielle. â€Å"I assume this is news to you?† Gabrielle looked at the photos. The first candid shot showed Senator Sexton getting out of a taxi in some kind of underground garage. Sexton never takes taxis. Gabrielle looked at the second shot-a telephoto of Sexton climbing into a parked white minivan. An old man appeared to be in the van waiting for him. â€Å"Who is that?† Gabrielle said, suspicious the photos might be faked. â€Å"A big shot from the SFF.† Gabrielle was doubtful. â€Å"The Space Frontier Foundation?† The SFF was like a â€Å"union† for private space companies. It represented aerospace contractors, entrepreneurs, venture capitalists-any private entity that wanted to go into space. They tended to be critical of NASA, arguing that the U.S. space program employed unfair business practices to prevent private companies from launching missions into space. â€Å"The SFF,† Tench said, â€Å"now represents over a hundred major corporations, some very wealthy enterprises who are waiting eagerly for the Space Commercialization Promotions Act to be ratified.† Gabrielle considered it. For obvious reasons the SFF was a vocal supporter of Sexton's campaign, although the senator had been careful not to get too close to them because of their controversial lobbying tactics. Recently the SFF had published an explosive rant charging that NASA was in fact an â€Å"illegal monopoly† whose ability to operate at a loss and still stay in business represented unfair competition to private firms. According to the SFF, whenever AT T needed a telecomm satellite launched, several private space companies offered to do the job at a reasonable $50 million. Unfortunately, NASA always stepped in and offered to launch AT T's satellites for a mere twenty-five million, even though it cost NASA five times that to do the job! Operating at a loss is one way NASA keeps its grip on space, the SFF lawyers accused. And taxpayers pick up the tab.